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We describe two theoretical bases for an algorithm for back-projection. The first is (1) Fourier inversion of the mathematical expression for the far electric field components in terms of the aperture electric field. The second is (2) Fourier inversion of the complete vectorial transmitting characteristic of Kerns' scattering matrix. It is this characteristic that results from the standard process...
In this paper we report new work on the gravimetric detection of ozone at EPA and OSHA relevant concentrations (approximately 100 ppb) in filtered ambient air. We have extended our proof-of-concept work which used both quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators. We now enable detection using our high frequency SAW RFID devices. Such surface wave devices are extremely...
Superhydrophobic self-cleaning lotus effect surfaces are of interest for a variety of applications such as self-cleaning, water repellency and anticorrosion properties. Numerous approaches to generate superhydrophobic surfaces have been proposed. In these studies, high contact angles and reduced contact angle hysteresis were intensively investigated. In our study, we invoked a surface etching technique...
Creation of superhydrophobic self-cleaning surfaces is an important objective for a variety of applications. Indeed, numerous routes to generate superhydrophobic surfaces have been proposed. In this paper, a facile way of forming superhydrophobic surfaces is reported that uses Au assisted HF/H2O2 etching of silicon wafers. The Au layer was deposited onto a silicon wafer via e-Beam evaporation. By...
In the 1980's new requirements were issued to make airframes meet criteria for low radar cross-section characteristics. These requirements simultaneously created a need for improvement of radar cross-section measurement techniques to validate the performance of the designs. Thus was the advent of the modern technologies of short pulse instrumentation radars, specially designed outdoor RCS ranges,...
Here we address some of the issues faced by antenna engineers when testing active antennas. We review some features of relatively wideband phased arrays and report on how MI Technologies has dealt with the issue of measuring the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and antenna patterns by use of the spherical near-field scanning technique. We take as an example the test methodology of the SAMPSON...
Based on the theory of superhydrophobicity for low surface energy coatings, we describe a superhydrophobic antistiction silica coating for MEMS devices. The process uses a novel sol-gel process sequence with a eutectic liquid as a templating agent. The eutectic liquid displays negligible vapor pressure and very low melting point (12degC at ambient conditions) to reduce solvent loss during the high...
As integrated circuit (IC) performance increases, many technical challenges appear in the areas of current-carrying capacity, thermal management, I/O density, and thermal-mechanical reliability. To address these problems, the use of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been proposed in IC packaging as electrical interconnects and thermal interface materials. For electronic device and packaging applications,...
Based on the theory of superhydrophobicity for low surface energy coatings, we describe a superhydrophobic antistiction silica coating for MEMS devices. The process uses a novel sol-gel process sequence with a eutectic liquid as a templating agent. The eutectic liquid displays negligible vapor pressure and very low melting point (12degC at ambient conditions) to reduce solvent loss during the high...
In this paper, a novel method of preparing nanostructured ultra-thin films for transparent superhydrophobic coatings is reported for the first time by Y. Xiu et al. A solgel process that uses a eutectic liquid solvent was employed. This solvent serves as both a low vapor pressure, low melting point liquid and a templating agent in the solgel process. UV-visible spectra indicate that after coating...
As the feature size of integrated circuits (ICs) decreases and the IC clock frequency and transistor density per chip increase, the power density increases exponentially. As such, heat generation has become a critical issue in advanced high performance ICs in recent years. The current thermal solutions will soon be inadequate for heat dissipation. New thermal management strategies and high thermal...
Following an introductory review of spherical near-field scanning measurements, with emphasis on the general applicability of the technique, we present a survey of the various methods to improve measurement accuracy by correcting the acquired data before performing the transform and by special processing of the resulting data following the transform. A post-processing technique recently receiving...
Following an introductory review of spherical near-field scanning measurements, with emphasis on the general applicability of the technique, we present a survey of the various methods to improve measurement accuracy by correcting the acquired data before performing the transform and by special processing of the resulting data following the transform. A post-processing technique recently receiving...
The IsoFiltertrade technique is a novel method of isolating the radiation pattern of an individual radiator from among a composite set of radiators that form a complex radiation distribution. This paper demonstrates that the technique is viable and applicable to cases where the individual radiator of interest is near the boundary of the minimum sphere that encloses the entire collection of sources.
Experimental verification of a low temperature (<20°C), reactive plasma etch process for copper films is presented. The plasma etch process, proposed previously from a thermochemical analysis of the Cu–Cl–H system, is executed in two steps. In the first step, copper films are exposed to a Cl 2 plasma to preferentially form CuCl 2 , which is volatilized as Cu 3 Cl 3 ...
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed for applications in microelectronic applications, especially for electrical interconnects and nanodevices, due to their excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. In order to create interconnect structures comprised of CNT units, it is necessary to control the growth of CNTs in predefined orientations and configurations at a temperature compatible...
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed for applications in microelectronic applications, especially for electrical interconnects and nanodevices, due to their excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. Usually, the CNTs produced by arcing, laser ablation or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are inevitably close-ended. Due to the weak coupling of the individual walls and close ends,...
Due to the surface smoothness of micromachined structures, strong adhesion forces between these fabricated structures and the substrate can be developed. The major adhesion mechanisms include capillary forces, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces and van der Waals forces. Once contact is made, the magnitude of these forces is in some cases sufficient to deform and pin these structures to the substrate,...
As IC performance increases, many technical challenges appear in the areas of power delivery, thermal management, I/O density, and thermal-mechanical reliability. To address these problems, the use of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is proposed in IC packaging as electrical interconnect and thermal interface materials. The superior electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of CNTs promise to...
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