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We review two generations of smart bandages and sensors developed in our group. These devices are capable of monitoring and treating chronic wounds through O2, pH and strain measurement and on-demand drug delivery. First we seek to close the gap between patient and caregivers through continuous monitoring of wound healing status with oxygenation measurements coupled with wireless data acquisition...
In this paper, we present a pH sensing bandage constructed with pH sensing smart threads for chronic wound monitoring. The bandage is integrated with custom CMOS readout electronics for wireless monitoring and data transmission and is capable of continuously monitoring wound pH. Threads exhibit pH sensitivity of 54mV/pH and reach their steady state value within 2 minutes.
In this work, we present a disposable paper-based optical sensor arranged as barcode for monitoring food spoilage. The color-changing barcode is embedded in the food packaging and monitored using smart phone. The color change of different optical sensing dyes that make up the barcode is due to the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from food. Different geometric shapes are assigned to each...
We present a disposable low cost paper-based sensor for sensing chemicals based on their intrinsic dielectric properties. The sensor is based on resonance shift in metamaerials from the change in capacitance of each resonator unit cell. Key novelty in the design is the implementation of metamaterial on ubiquitous paper substrate. This metamaterial-on-paper sensor is fabricated in a totally cleanroom-free...
Here we report fabrication of a facile stretchable and washable thread-based strain/force sensor, which can be sewn into wearable textiles and is capable of measuring human physiological motion. The sensor fabrication is simple and low cost. The sensor has a gauge factor of ∼2.5 and can measure displacement up to 50% of its initial length. The fabricated sensor is also unidirectional. Overall, the...
We demonstrate a thread-based pH sensor integrated with a custom CMOS readout IC as a smart bandage for chronic wound monitoring. pH sensing threads are fabricated using a low-cost, room-temperature dip-and-dry coating process to coat cotton threads with carbon ink and polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers. Bluetooth wireless connectivity and smart phone readout enable real-time monitoring. Threads exhibit...
Time constants and luminescence lifetimes of an InGaN-based white LED at different wavelengths are characterized by a novel multi-cycle charge modulation based CMOS image sensor chip. To enable high sensitivity, we propose parasitic insensitive multi-cycle charge modulation scheme for low-light lifetime extraction. The designed in-pixel CTIA-based structure is able to capture the weak luminescence-induced...
This paper proposes a novel CMOS sensor chip that can realize both fast and accurate intensity and lifetime sensing for fluorescence. To enable high sensitivity, we propose parasitic insensitive multi-cycle charge modulation scheme for low-light lifetime extraction benefiting from simplicity, accuracy and compatibility with CMOS process. The designed in-pixel CTIA-based structure is able to capture...
Recent research activities in the area of low-cost sensing and diagnostics that are realized on cellulosic paper substrate are presented. First a three-dimensional origami paper-based analytical device (omPAD) with multiple electrochemical sensors, an integrated sample reservoir and tight integration with a custom CMOS potentiostat is presented. Second, an optical sensor array with built-in microfluidic...
A three dimensional paper-based analytical device (PAD) with multiple electrochemical sensors, an integrated sample reservoir and tight integration with a custom CMOS potentiostat is presented. The sensors are fabricated using a combination of wax printing and screen printing using a solution based approach in ambient conditions without the need for expensive fabrication equipment or a cleanroom....
This paper describes the implementation of a new architecture to multiply signals with time-mode representations. The exponential relationship between voltage and time in an RC circuit is utilized to implement time-mode logarithmic and exponential functions needed to realize a time-mode analog of the translinear principle. Addition of time-mode variables is achieved through the natural progression...
We discuss design issues related to realization of a CMOS Lab-on-Chip (LoC) platform for sorting of cells and microorganisms. The proposed platform is based on dielectrophoresis (DEP) which is the force experienced by any dielectric particle including biological entities in non-uniform electrical field. DEP depends on the permittivity of the cells, its size and shape and also the permittivity of the...
Topical drug delivery is a preferred choice to improve the healing process of the chronic wound. However, one of the challenge in topical drug delivery is to find a feasible method to control the drug release in real-time. To achieve this goal, we created a localized smart flexible bandage containing thermo-responsive drug loaded microparticles encapsulated inside a hydrogel. A flexible heater is...
We propose a novel Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) based Lab-on-Chip (LoC) platform for trapping, rotation and detection of cells and microorganism utilizing dielectrophoresis (DEP). DEP is a highly selective function of the permittivity, size and shape of the entity, and also depends on the permittivity of its environment; these dependencies can be used to identify and trap particles...
Wireless and wearable implantable biomedical devices are ushering in a new paradigm in health care and medicine with potential to improve health outcomes at reduced cost and improved quality of life. Magneto-inductive telemetry is widely used for wireless power and data transfer. The typical inductive telemetry core consists of a pair of antenna/coils placed coaxially in space, one inside the device...
A polydimethylsiloxane micromolded separation column is presented with monolithically integrated gas injection, temperature control, and a nanomaterial chemiresistor array for multiparametric gas detection in complex mixtures on a unique single chip platform. Sensor arrays are made of carbon nanotubes, vanadium oxide, and reduced graphene oxide nanomaterials. The functionality of a micromolded gas...
Small biological signals can be resolved in presence of large artifacts using various methods. A layered approach to artifact rejection is presented here, using multiple techniques in a cascade fashion including blanking on the second gain stage. Results show superior performance of a layered approach including fast-settle blanking compared to other methods of rejection.
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics integrated with smartphone platform has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its portability, cost-effectiveness and user-friendly setting. In this paper, we present an optical sensor based on a smartphone platform with extremely low-cost spectrometer accessary, which can be applied for colorimetric sensing. The spectrometer accessory enables separation...
Lack of accessible medical care in developing countries has prompted a need for low-cost point of care medical diagnostics. Paper based medical diagnostics have been demonstrated as a viable option in these areas due for their simplicity, low-cost and easy disposal. This paper presents a custom CMOS readout IC in conjunction with paper-based electrodes as electrochemical sensors as a low-cost medical...
Current methods in treating chronic wounds have had limited success in large part due to the open loop nature of the treatment. In turn, we have created a localized smart wound dressing platform that will allow for real time data acquisition of oxygen concentration at the wound site. This will serve as the first leg of a feedback loop for a fully optimized treatment mechanism tailored to the individual...
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