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We reconsider guarded evaluation as a means to reduce FPGA dynamic power consumption. We augment and evaluate guarded evaluation as proposed in [1] after different stages of the FPGA CAD flow. Guarding later in the flow provides more feedback to the algorithm and yields a more effective cost-benefit analysis of newly added signals. Numerical results show that guarding later in the flow yields slightly...
In this paper, we present a technology mapping and clustering tool for leakage power reduction in FPGAs with programmable, dual-VT logic blocks. The use of Reverse Back Bias (RBB) circuit techniques is recognized as one of the more promising strategies in mitigating leakage power, a critical problem in circuits deploying deep submicron process technologies. FPGAs with the ability to adjust fabric...
One of the major challenges in the process of three-dimensional integrated circuit fabrication is the manufacturing of through silicon vias (TSV). These TSVs compared with other connection elements require high manufacturing costs as well as large silicon area. In this paper, replication technique has been used to reduce the number of TSVs in 3D FPGAs. Replication is implemented for circuit input...
In this paper, a new countermeasure against power and electromagnetic (EM) Side Channel Attacks (SCA) on FPGA implemented cryptographic algorithms is proposed. This structure mainly focuses on a critical vulnerability, Early Evaluation, also known as Early Propagation Effect (EPE), which exists in most conventional SCA-hardened DPL (Dual-rail with Precharge Logic) solutions. The main merit of this...
FPGAs are increasingly replacing more expensive microprocessors and ASICs in a wide variety of applications. Their performance is limited mainly by the characteristics of the routing network. This paper presents a detailed study of the influence of the parameters defining an FPGA routing network on the routing area, the critical path delay, and the channel width required to place and route benchmark...
Cryptographic devices are vulnerable to Differential Power Attacks (DPA). To resist these attacks, the Wave Dynamic Differential Logic (WDDL) has been proposed. However, the limitation of this technique is that it requires balanced routing of the dual rail interconnect between gates, to obtain equal propagation delays and power consumption on differential signals. This paper addresses the problem...
Networks-on-chip have a relative area and delay overhead compared to buses. These can be improved in application specific systems where heterogeneous communication infrastructures provide high bandwidth in a localized fashion and reduce underutilized resources. However, for general purpose architectures, design time techniques are not efficient. One approach for improving area and/or performance of...
The Wave Dynamic Differential Logic (WDDL) is considered as a relevant hardware countermeasure to increase the robustness of cryptographic devices against Differential Power Attacks (DPA). However, to guarantee its effectiveness, the routing in both the direct and complementary paths must be balanced, to obtain equal propagation delays and power consumption on differential signals.
Most of the power consumption and chip area in FPGAs mainly depend on the routing properties such as the architecture, interconnects, and resources. Many researches have been conducted on routing resources to reduce the power and area, but rarely the impact of wire segmentation structure, as a part of routing resource, have been studied in details. In this paper based on extensive simulations, we...
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are increasingly being used to implement large datapath-oriented applications that are designed to process multiple-bit wide data. Studies have shown that the regularity of these multi-bit signals can be effectively exploited to reduce the implementation area of datapath circuits on FPGAs that employ the traditional bidirectional routing. Most of modern FPGAs,...
This paper explores the FPGA routing architecture based on a new concept of “general switch box (GSB)” to improve the performance of FPGA. Compared with the existing CB/SB routing architecture and CS-box architecture, the proposed GSB architecture has much larger exploration space. Experimental results with MCNC benchmark circuits show that the performance of FPGAs with GSB is about 24.3% better than...
This paper proposes a novel approach for efficient implementation of a real-valued arbiter-based physical unclon-able function (PUF) on FPGA. We introduce a high resolution programmable delay logic (PDL) implemented by lookup table (LUT) internal structure. Using the PDL, we perform fine tuning to cancel out delay skews caused by asymmetries in routing and systematic variations. We devise a symmetric...
The Wave Dynamic Differential Logic (WDDL) has been identified as a promising countermeasure to increase the robustness of cryptographic devices against Differential Power Attacks (DPA). However, to guarantee the effectiveness of WDDL technique, the routing in both the direct and complementary paths must be balanced. This paper tackles the problem of unbalance of dual-rail signals in WDDL design....
Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) allow the same silicon implementation to be programmed or reprogrammed for a variety of applications. It provides low NRE (non-recurring engineering) cost and short time to market. As CMOS technology continue to scale down to nanometer, increased power consumption and worsened process variation become crucial constraints for FPGAs. The survey reviews the process...
This paper proposes a new switch box architecture in SRAM-based FPGAs to mitigate soft error effects. In this switch box architecture, the number of SRAM bits required for programming switch box is reduced to 67% without any impact on routing capability of the switch box. This architecture does not require any modification of the existing placement and routing algorithms. The architecture was evaluated...
This paper proposes a new switch box architecture in SRAM-based FPGAs to mitigate soft error effects. In this switch box architecture, the number of SRAM bits required for programming switch box is reduced to 67% without any impact on routing capability of the switch box. This architecture does not require any modification of the existing placement and routing algorithms. The architecture was evaluated...
The Wave Dynamic Differential Logic (WDDL) is a promising countermeasure to protect cryptographic devices from Differential Power Attacks (DPA). But the key challenge is to maintain symmetry between dual networks, so as to obtain equal propagation delays and power consumption on differential signals. In this paper, we deal with the problem of timing unbalance. We study the impact of different placement...
3D technology is an attractive solution for reducing wirelength in a field programmable gate array (FPGA). However, trough silicon vias (TSV) are limited in number. In this paper, we propose a tilable switch module architecture based on the 3D disjoint switch module for 3D FPGAs. Experimental results over 20 MCNC benchmarks show 62% reduction in the number of TSVs on average and small improvements...
In recent years, pre-fabricated design styles grow up rapidly to amortize the mask cost. However, the interconnection delay of the pre-fabricated design styles slows down the circuit performance due to the high capacitive load. In this paper, we propose a technique to insert dual-rail wires for pre-fabricated design styles. Furthermore, we propose an effective dual-rail insertion algorithm to reduce...
It is often desirable to change the logic and/or the connections within an FPGA design on-the-fly without the benefit of a workstation or vendor CAD software. This paper presents a dynamic router for Xilinx FPGAs, designed to run on stand-alone embedded systems. With information obtained from Xilinxpsilas XDL tool, a compact routing database for the Virtex-II/IIP/4 devices is built which only requires...
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