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The miniaturization of unit cells in planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures has been difficult because the stopband frequency depends on the unit-cell size. To solve this problem, we developed an EBG structure that uses two power planes (dual power plane: DPP) with the addition of a capacitive coupling element. This enables us to easily enlarge the capacitance formed in the unit cell and...
In this paper, the authors apply two modular exponentiation algorithms such as left-to-right binary method and Montgomery powering ladder algorithm on Raspberry Pi and evaluate their security against Side-channel attack.
Pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) was applied to identify dominant noise sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiated from a printed circuit board (PCB) including line driver ICs. The ICs were controlled in activation of output according to a set of PRBSs that varied amplitude of switching current generated in the ICs and also changes the strength of EMI. Correlation coefficients between...
Improving the countermeasures against side-channel attacks (SCAs) increases the cost of both designing the countermeasures and evaluating SCA resistance. This may force cryptographic ICs to remain vulnerable. The increased cost is due to an indispensable procedure where a large number of side-channel traces need to be analyzed in order to evaluate the SCA resistance. In this work, a low-cost method...
To overcome the intra EMC problems in wireless communications, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures can be used to effectively reduce power-bus noise. We previously proposed a vialess open-stub EBG structure. However, it still has the intrinsic disadvantage of a narrow stopband because it uses the open-stub's resonance. Thus, this paper aims to optimize the structural parameters of the vialess...
The bend in a pair of differential transmission lines on printed circuit boards causes a path difference, which leads to mode conversion due to the phase difference. We previously proposed a tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend to suppress forward differential-to-common mode conversion. In this paper, we propose a design methodology of our tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend that limits...
This paper describes a proposed planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure whose unit cell size is miniaturized through the use of interdigital electrodes (IDEs). For planar EBG structures in general, it is difficult to miniaturize the cell size independently of stopband frequency because the stopband frequency depends on the cell size. For the proposed structure, however, the cell size can be...
This paper formulates mode conversions of transmission and reflection from differential mode to common mode in differential transmission lines with bend discontinuity using a very simple model. The formulae tell us that the mode conversion is caused by not only the path difference in the bend but also the difference between the characteristic impedance and port impedance. The formulae were validated...
An equivalent circuit model was applied to a cryptographic module to simulate the resistance of the module against side-channel attacks. The cryptographic module involved two fiel programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), on which an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) circuit was implemented on one of them. The equivalent circuit model proposed in the previous literature was improved in terms of the accuracy...
Electromagnetic immunity analysis as well as electromagnetic emission analysis is significant for EMC design. In this paper, we apply a modal equivalent-circuit model with mode-conversion sources to electromagnetic immunity analysis in a simple cable interconnection system. The analysis can treat mode conversion caused by discontinuity in multi-conductor transmission line with circuit analysis and...
The guard trace is effective for suppressing common-mode generation caused by placing a signal trace too close to the return edge on a printed circuit board. In our previous study, a guard trace with a periodic structure was proposed not only to reduce common-mode radiation but also to maintain signal integrity and was found to be effective. In the current work, the shape of the periodic structure...
A lossy resonator filter with frequency selectivity and low loss, which suppresses noise propagation in the power-ground plane pair of a printed circuit board (PCB) at high frequencies (over 1 GHz), was fabricated and evaluated. A ferrite-covered open stub was formed on a PCB as a lossy resonator filter, and its characteristics were verified by measurement using a vector network analyzer as well as...
This paper investigated about introduction of the burst pulse injection method standardized for immunity tests to a cryptanalysis using faulty ciphertexts. We investigated the potential of the burst injection method to induce faulty ciphertexts experimentally. Firstly, the standard burst pulse was injected through the power cable to a cryptographic module implementing the Advanced Encryption Standard...
A tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend to suppress differential-to-common-mode conversion (caused by bend discontinuity in a pair of differential transmission lines) is proposed. A tightly coupled tapered bend has been proposed to suppress the mode conversion by decreasing the path difference in the bend. The tightly coupled bend with symmetric tapers makes the path difference shorter so that...
Power-bus resonance of printed circuit boards causes electromagnetic interference and detraction of power integrity. To suppress the power-bus resonance, we propose the application of lossy resonators in the power bus. Here, we first explain the concepts of the proposed resonators, focusing especially on the application based on the impedance characteristics. Then, we explain the full-wave simulation...
The equivalent-circuit expression of bend discontinuity in differential transmission lines, which is derived from the view of the mode-decomposition technique, is proposed in this paper. We investigated the relationship between the amount of mode conversion in the bend region and two components in the modal equivalent circuit: the mode-conversion sources and the modal reactances (modal inductances...
The guard trace is effective for suppressing common-mode generation caused by placing a signal trace close to the return edge on a printed circuit board. Our previous studies on the guard trace focused only on a design methodology for reducing common-mode radiation, but the placing guard trace close to the signal line increases crosstalk to deteriorate signal integrity. A guard trace with a periodic...
We analyzed equivalent current source of cryptographic circuits implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The equivalent current source represented internal switching current behaviors in the cryptographic circuits during an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) operation. In this work, the internal current was analyzed for extracting leakage functions and correlation coefficients from scatter...
For treating mode conversion caused by discontinuity in multi-conductor transmission line with circuit analysis, we have proposed a modal equivalent-circuit model with mode-conversion sources. The approach takes an advantage in less calculation sources and countermeasure consideration compared with full-wave simulation. A mode-decomposition technique was applied with an imbalance factor, that is,...
An equivalent circuit model was evaluated in simulating data-dependent power voltage variations of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The equivalent circuit model was Linear Equivalent Circuit and Current Source (LECCS) model representing dynamic switching current inside the FPGA with an equivalent current source. The current source was supposed to depend on input data for the FPGA on which a...
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