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We present a practical, systematical method for the evaluation of the soft error rate (SER) of microelectronic devices. Existing methodologies, practices and tools are integrated in a common approach while highlighting the need for specific data or tools. The showcased method is particularly adapted for evaluating the SER of very complex microelectronic devices by engineers confronted to increasingly...
With technology scaling, vulnerability to soft errors in random logic is increasing. There is a need for on-line error detection and protection for logic gates even at sea level. The error checker is the key element for an on-line detection mechanism. We compare three different checkers for error detection from the point of view of area, power and false error detection rates. We find that the double...
In this paper, we present a new technique to improve the reliability of H-tree SRAM memories. This technique deals with the SRAM power-bus monitoring by using built-in current sensor (BICS) circuits that detect abnormal current dissipation in the memory power-bus. This abnormal current is the result of a single-event upset (SEU) in the memory and it is generated during the inversion of the state of...
In this paper, we investigate optimum radiation hardened by design (RHBD) for use against single-event transients (SET) using low-pass filters (LPF) including RHBD techniques against single-event upsets (SEU) for sequential logic in 45 -nm technology in a terrestrial environment. Three types of LPF were investigated regarding their SET pulse immunities, area penalties, and performance penalties. We...
This work reports real-time soft-error rate (SER) testing of semiconductor static memories in both altitude and underground environments to separate the component of the SER induced by the cosmic rays (i.e. primarily by atmospheric neutrons) from that caused by on-chip radioactive impurities (alpha-particle emitters). Two European dedicated sites were used to perform long-term real-time measurements...
Large-scale spatial variations of the guide magnetic field of interplanetary and interstellar plasmas give rise to the additional adiabatic focusing term in the Fokker-Planck transport equation of cosmic rays. The consequences of the additional adiabatic focusing term for the diffusion approximation to cosmic ray transport are investigated in the weak focusing limit, where the focusing length L is...
In this paper the perpendicular transport of charged particles (cosmic rays) in a magnetized plasma is discussed. A superposition of a mean magnetic field (e.g. the magnetic field of the sun) and a turbulent component is assumed. It is also presented here how diffusion coefficients can be obtained directly from the Newton-Lorentz equation.
In the aviation environment many factors can affect the health of aircrew members. It can be observed by high-throughput gene chip technology that how environmental factors affect the genes expression. Our objective is to observe whether atmosphere cosmic radiation can affect gene expression in aircrew and its rules. The health aircrew members and control persons were grouped into 6 groups respectively...
To estimate the cosmic radiation exposure level at civil aviation altitude, a method applied to calculate cosmic radiation effective dose rate in aerosphere from altitude of 5 km to 18 km presented in this paper. The effective radiation dose rates calculated using the method compared with results of cosmic radiation dose calculation system CARI-6 and EPCARD for various latitudes and longitudes, the...
We study multi-bit upsets (MBU) in 65 nm SOI SRAMs. Proton beam and thorium foil experiments demonstrate that SOI SRAMs have lower soft error rate than bulk SRAMs. Monte Carlo SER simulations show that SOI SRAMs have a lower fraction of MBU than bulk SRAMs. The probability of MBU correlates with the spacing of sensitive devices in neighboring cells.
ACE (age calculation engine; previously called iCronus) is a design environment for analyzing data used in cosmogenic dating methods. It is supported by a software architecture designed with flexibility, scalability, security and safety in mind. These properties have allowed us to create an environment that directly supports the tasks that geoscientists perform as they work on developing new algorithms...
The inner detector of the ATLAS experiment at LHC has been successfully commissioned using cosmic-ray events. First tests were performed in the SR1 assembly hall at CERN with both barrel and end-caps for all sub-detectors, the silicon pixel detector and the silicon Semi-Conductor Tracker as well as the Transition Radiation Tracker. Integration with the rest of the ATLAS sub-detectors is now being...
We analyse the SEE-inducing effects of cosmic rays using scientific CCDs and make direct comparison of results obtained in the natural cosmic ray field at altitude with those from accelerated test in neutron beams.
New generation electronic devices have become more and more sensitive to the effects of the natural radiation coming from the surrounding environment. These radiation sources are cosmic rays and radioactive impurities, able to corrupt the content of memory cells or to induce transient pulses in combinational logic. The growing sensitivity seems to be related to two main factors: the lower and lower...
During a long range intercontinental commercial flight from Europe to Australia the neutron and photon dose equivalents have been evaluated using a pair of electronic pocket dosemeters ALOKA PDM-313 and ALOKA PDM-111, respectively. A temperature compensated superheated emulsion (bubble) detector and an aluminium oxide TL-Dosimeter were carried together for the purpose of in-flight calibration of the...
The recent activities for remote monitoring operations at Fermilab are described the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is in the commissioning stages of the data acquisition, trigger, sub-detector and data transfer systems, and it is vital that a coherent and effective monitoring system be developed for the experts as well as local and remote shift crews. The experiences and contributions of...
Software based fault tolerance may allow the use of COTS digital electronics in building a highly reliable computing system for spacecraft. In this work we present the results of a fault injection campaign we conducted on the Duplex Framework (DF). The DF is a software developed by the UCLA group [1], [2] that allows to run two copies (or replicas) of the same program on two different nodes of a commercial...
This paper describes a field test system to evaluate the sensitivity of SRAMs to the natural radiation coming from the interaction of cosmic rays with the atmosphere. Unlike other experiments, this system is optimized to be portable and autonomous in order to allow making the development of the tests more flexible.
Charge distributions in electron beam irradiated polymers are observed using the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method. In space environment, bulk charge accumulation in insulating materials of a spacecraft, which is exposed in the radiation of cosmic rays, is one of remarkable problems because the accumulation may sometimes cause of the unexpected accidents followed by the static discharge. Therefore,...
A large-area fast-neutron double-scatter directional detector and spectrometer is being constructed using 1-meter-long plastic scintillator paddles with photomultiplier tubes at both ends. The scintillators detect fast neutrons by proton recoil and also gamma rays by Compton scattering. The paddles are arranged in two parallel planes so that neutrons can be distinguished from muons and gamma rays...
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