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Certain regions of the world have successfully implemented harmonized product compliance regulations, such as the European Free Trade Association and the Customs Union. Some product types or focus areas have moved to a more harmonized compliance approach and, with this, the regulations and standards are easier to enforce, simpler for consumers to understand, and more efficient for manufacturers to...
Iterative Learning Control (ILC) is an effective control algorithm for improving tracking performance in stable or stabilizable systems that track a repetitive trajectory in time. For systems designed to track a position reference in time, there is a natural map between the temporal and spatial domains and researchers have exploited this map to develop spatial adaptations of ILC. However, there are...
In this paper, a necessary and sufficient condition for stabilisation of linear time invariant systems with overlapping parts is presented. These systems are first expanded to decouple the overlapping parts and then a necessary and sufficient condition, which relates to their algebraic properties, is derived. The algebraic properties are characterised in terms of minimality (full controllability and...
Digital color cameras make sub-sampled measurements of color at alternating pixel locations, and then “demosaick” these measurements to create full color images by up-sampling. This allows traditional cameras with restricted processing hardware to produce color images from a single shot, but it requires blocking a majority of the incident light and is prone to aliasing artifacts. In this paper, we...
This paper examines the relationships between the many-valued logics G~ and G~n of Esteva, Godo, Hájek, and Navara, i.e., Gödel logic G enriched with Łukasiewicz negation, and neighbors of intuitionistic logic. The popular fragments of Rauszer's Heyting-Brouwer logic HB admit many-valued extensions similar to G which may likewise be enriched with Łukasiewicz negation,...
MSLA, the abbreviation of Moisture Sensitivity Level Analysis, is the meaning of moisture sensitivity level analysis. MSLA is to give the proposed package moisture sensitivity of surface mount components provide a standard of classification, so that different types of components to get the correct packaging, storage and handling to avoid moisture resulted failures in the assembly or repair process...
The acquisition of psychomotor skills is a key competency in engineering field. In manufacturing courses, engineering workshop practices and laboratory work provide students with practical skills (hands-on activities) thus enhance knowledge prior to their future career. This paper discuss the current levels of practical skills acquired by students' in engineering workshop machining classes with reference...
Important feature of new educational programs, according to the State program of a development of education, is orientation to the results of training expressed in the form of competences. Approach on the basis of results of training displaces accents from the teacher to the student, from teaching to training. Results of training are focused on achievements of student, and also that student can show...
Non-metallic chemical components (silicate, sulfide, alumina, globular oxide) originated from production process cause inclusions in steel. These inclusions are one of the important factors that directly affect quality of steel. Before raw steel is used, the detection and classification of the inclusions according to international standards ASTM E45 will prevent faults that may occur during or after...
Today's state-of-the-art top level interconnect technology in power modules is an aluminum wire wedge/wedge bond process. Being the bottleneck for realizing even higher switching frequencies and thus higher junction temperatures made possible by upcoming wide bandgap semiconductors, innovative packaging technologies such as copper wire wedge/wedge bonding are a key issue in pushing the technological...
Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) promotes increased consistency between a system's design and its design documentation through the use of an object-oriented system model. The creation of this system model facilitates data presentation by providing a mechanism from which information can be extracted by automated manipulation of model content. Existing MBSE tools enable model creation, but are...
This paper explores uses for and explains the specifications of the ASTM standard, ASTM F2677-08a Standard Specification for Electrically Insulating Aprons Applications. This newer standard was listed in NFPA 70E in 2012 but has no guidance on how and when these aprons and other garments which could be designed using the standard are to be used in the field. Some shocks occur to parts of the body...
We examine strategies for optimizing investment in ESD protection and trade-offs that can arise. Standard ESD measures require low expertise but may result in unnecessary equipment spend. Tailored EPAs may require higher expertise and greater training. ESD control measures and equipment used with inadequate understanding can fail to yield the potential benefits expected. Optimal ESD control results...
Open Source Software (OSS) development is distributed across actors and artifacts and involves translating diffuse representations into distinct sets of contiguous code artifacts. Despite the highly distributed and dynamic nature of OSS development, it is often described in unitary, monolithic terms - an unfortunate situation which masks considerable variance across OSS development processes. Therefore...
The Arctic region has a harsh and sensitive environment at a remote location where special local considerations will influence the design, operation and management of any waste handling system installed in the region. In order to develop a suitable waste handling system in the High North, the main technological and operational challenges need to be identified and tackled. In this paper a methodology...
The recent improvements in efficiencies for kesterite (copper zinc tin selenide, CZTS) devices warrant an investigation into how the kesterite device stack can best be capped to minimize losses due to reflection. Additionally, ongoing efforts to replace the cadmium sulfide (CdS) layer in copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)-based devices, most notably with zinc sulfide (ZnS), need to be accompanied...
We optimized Ag/ZnO back reflectors (BR) for hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) solar cells by independently changing the textures of the Ag and ZnO layers. We found that Ag/ZnO with textured Ag and thin ZnO provides the highest nc-Si:H solar cell efficiency. Optimized Ag texture with an rms = 40 nm effectively scatters light without seriously degrading the nc-Si:H material quality. Using...
Package-on-package (PoP) has been widely adopted for 3D integration of logic and memory within mobile handsets and other portable multimedia devices. Typical PoP solution is applied to logic processor as bottom package and memory device as top package. TMV® solution is being applied to reduce the warpage and achieve the fine pitch PoP and stable stacking performance. Currently, 0.4mm MIF(Memory Interface...
In order to clarify the characteristics of spark conditioning carried out in parallel at several parts of electrodes, we studied conditioning process in a multi-gap electrode system with two rod-plane electrodes in vacuum. The rod material and gap distance of one gap was kept to Cu-Cr (d=5 mm) in some multi-gap electrodes. On the other hand, the rod material and gap distance of the other gap were...
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