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The copper vapor resulting from electrode surfaces in arc devices, such as circuit breakers, may modify the characteristics of arc plasmas. The corresponding properties of plasmas contaminated by the metallic vapor are therefore needed to be determined before setting up physical models. In this paper, the equilibrium compositions, thermodynamic properties, transport coefficients, and combined diffusion...
Understanding the moisture-induced corrosion mechanism of copper wire bonding is crucial for achieving longer life reliability of copper bonding. While the formation of Al-Cu intermetallic compound (IMC) is found to dominate the bond reliability, the mechanism remains unclear despite considerable efforts by experiments. Pourbaix (Eh-pH) diagrams have long been used to evaluate the theoretical activity...
The solid solutions La2−xSrxCuO4−δ (0 ≤ x(Sr) ≤ 1.2) in La2CuO4 - Sr2CuO3 system were synthesized and characterized by x-ray diffraction and chemical analyses. The enthalpies of reaction La2−xSrxCuO4−δ with 1 N hydrochloric acid were measured in hermetic swinging isoperibolic calorimeter at 298.15 K. The Gibbs energies were assessed from thermochemical data. It was estimated that the solid solution...
The binding reaction of the Copper(II) Complex [Cu2Cl4(C17H22N2)2]with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by UV absorption spectroscopy under the simulative physiological conditions. The binding constants were 6.67×104, 5.61×104 and 3.79×104 L•mol-1 at 291K, 298 K and 305K respectively. The thermodynamic parameters ?H, ?S and ?G were calculated at different temperatures, and the result showed...
The traction-displacement relations of the epoxy-copper interfaces are studied using an atomistic model. The reaction force of the epoxy layer in response to displacement of the interface is calculated during molecular dynamics simulation. A parametric study in terms of displacement rate and the step size of displacement increment has been performed. The traction-displacement relations are found sensitive...
Pleurotus spent mushroom compost is usually discarded as agricultural waste. This study investigated the biosorption characteristic of copper by Pleurotus spent mushroom compost. Parameters including biosorbent concentration, initial pH, contact time, initial copper (II) concentration and temperatures were examined in batch mode. Half saturation constant of copper (II) biosorption was obtained at...
The thermodynamics of SGTE from 0 to 298.15K are extrapolated by two methods. One is the extrapolation of polynomial model. The other is the extrapolation of Debye model. To take example for copper, the extrapolation methods are introduced in detail. By means of the constrained nonlinear least squares curve fitting arithmetic, two sets of parameter values have been determined. The expressions of the...
The effect of solution temperature and the determination of the kinetic parameters of methylene blue (MB) adsorption onto cereal chaff were performed to understand the adsorption mechanism. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was fitted to the experimental data and found it was good to predict the adsorption behavior using nonlinear regressive method, suggesting that the mechanism may be a chemisorption...
The kinetics and thermodynamics characteristics of Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorption onto fly ash of a oil shale-fired power plant was investigated by using batch adsorption method. The results showed that Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applicable to the adsorption process, while Freundlich equation is more applicable. The mechanistic steps of the adsorption process was studied through...
Ag-Cu nanoalloy has been synthesized directly in solution. The composition, morphology and structure of the Ag-Cu nanoalloys were characterized by XRD, TEM, EDS and SEM. The morphology of Ag-Cu nanoalloys appears small, uniform, and spherical. The size distribution mainly focuses on 80nm~90nm. An average composition is Ag48.9Cu51.1, which is within experimental error of the nominal 1:1 stoichiometry...
The removal of Cu2+ and Cd2+ of aqueous solution by residual sludge from four type sewage treatment plant was investigated. Effect of adsorption time, kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption was researched. The study indicated that all of the sludge can absorb mono-component Cu2+ or Cd2+ but the sludge from Petrochemical Wastewater plant had deposition rather than adsorption on Cu2+ or Cd2+. The...
Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to determine the distribution of potentially toxic elements in the co-combustion of waste and sludge. The effects of temperature, pressure and atmospheres on equilibrium composition were evaluated. The results showed that: Under oxidizing conditions, HCl was a key factor influencing the distribution of trace element besides temperature. The participation...
Fish are noted for their excellent performances to cruise efficiently, to maneuver and to position themselves accurately. These performances are the result of complex 3D motion and the cooperation of different fins of fish. In this paper, we focus on the research of the pectoral fin, and present a novel mechanical design of flexible pectoral fin capable of 3D undulation, actuated by shape memory alloy...
This paper presents a method, which helps to understand and control interactions between dissimilar materials in electronics packaging assemblies. The method consisting of thermodynamic and kinetic modeling combined with detailed microstructural analysis is introduced first. The method will then be demonstrated using three examples. First one is taken from an IC metallization level, and explains why...
Intermetallic compound (IMC) formed in the interfacial reaction may exert much influence on the reliability of soldering joint. So, effective prediction of IMC formation at soldering joint may do help to optimize the packaging process. Recently, a semi-empirical criterion has been proposed in our group to predict the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMC) at the interface between different pure...
The Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound is generated at the interface between OSP substrate and Sn-3.5Ag based solder containing small amount of Co or Ni additives. A small fraction of Co or Ni additive is probed in Cu6Sn5-based crystal structure, which occupies the crystal space sites of Cu atoms. The first-principle approach within the density functional theory is employed herein to explore the favorite...
Five structural parameters of contrate contact, such as number and inclination of slot, contact diameter, the depth and thickness of contact cup, are arranged orthogonally to study magnetic characteristics. Experiments based on orthogonal design are analyzed by three dimensions finite element method. The regression equations of the relationship between structural parameters of contact and Lorentz...
Sulfur vapor or H2S is often used for the fabrication of CuInS2 thin film solar cells by sulfurizing Cu/In bimetallic layers at elevated temperature over 400 °C. In order to promote low temperature sulfurization and/or faster sulfurization, sulfur vapor was thermally activated before it reaches Cu/In metallic precursor layers for the formation of CuInS2 thin films. The thermal activation of sulfur...
Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 thin films have been prepared using multi source thermal co-evaporation. The incorporation of the volatile chalcogen species Se and S into the films depends on the fluxes of the evaporated species during growth and the relative [Cu]/[In+Ga] and [Ga]/[In+Ga] compositions. The dependence of the relative Se and S incorporation in Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 on the substrate temperature is characterized...
Sustainability issues involving materials processing and manufacturing are still very poorly investigated. This is true in particular for non-energy parts of such systems. Thermodynamics approaches attract an increasing attention due to general applicability and a clear potential to include both quantity and quality aspects of resources utilization, process assessments and metrics selection. One of...
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