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The goal of the present study is to evaluate the supercapacitors performance in electrical vehicle applications, as the supercapacitors have a high charging and discharging rates which will help to extend the lifetime of the batteries and to increase the autonomy of the vehicle. The supercapacitors are connected in parallel with batteries to supply a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) through...
It is an important issue to investigate the deterioration state of connectors used in long driven vehicles in order to develop vehicle connectors. There are a few reports that investigated the deterioration state of connectors used in long driven vehicles in detail. Therefore, the deterioration state of a connector collected from a vehicle (driven for 8 years, 100,000km mileage) was investigated through...
This paper describes the implementation of sensor-less hill-assist control system in electric Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV). In manual transmission vehicles without hill-assist, the restart at the slope can be done through skilled clutch control. For the vehicles not having clutch (auto transmission or fixed gear electric vehicles), the restart of the vehicle at hill is not possible with driver skills...
This paper presents a new energy and power management control strategy for battery electric vehicle (BEV) with supercapacitors (SCs) based on speed command and acceleration estimation. The purpose of the control strategy is to increase the capability of regenerative braking energy capturing and to improve DC bus voltage regulation. The control strategy uses cascade voltage and current control of SCs...
Electric vehicles of today can be designed with high efficiency drives and drivetrains. This means that the aerodynamic drag, the tire losses and auxiliary equipment have an increasing influence on the range of the vehicle. Moreover, the user will experience "his range" in a single direction from A to B, rather than averaged. The rolling resistance and the drag force are not constants but...
Electric Variable Transmission (EVT), as a new kind of electromechanical energy converter, can be used in hybrid electric power train to make the engine operate efficiently by decoupling the engine speed from the wheels. To further study and develop control strategies of EVT based HEV on the test bench, real driving environment is required. For this purpose, this thesis designs a dSPACE based hardware-in-the-loop...
The calculation of optimal driving speed profiles for metro vehicles that improve energy saving and, thus, reduce costs, are investigated. The optimization problem is solved in two different steps: in the first one, a Dynamic Programming Optimization (DPO) algorithm (including slopes and curves effects) is used to find a set of pseudo-optimal speed cycles; the objective is to minimize the electrical...
This paper proposes a new control strategy and design for auxiliary power source using in Battery Hybrid Electric Vehicle (BHEV) based on acceleration power. The control strategy takes actual speed, acceleration and terminal voltage of supercapacitors (SCs) into account for controlling the energy and power demanded. The detail design of the auxiliary power source and its dynamic control are demonstrated...
Electric vehicles (EVs) have a disadvantage in that the cruising distance per charge is short. This paper proposes a model-based range extension control system (RECS) for EVs. The proposed system optimizes the front and rear driving-braking force distributions by considering the slip ratio of the wheels and the motor loss. The optimal distribution depends solely on the vehicle acceleration and velocity...
This paper presents the control system of energy management for electric vehicle (EV) applications, based on the actual speed of the vehicle and the terminal voltage of supercapacitors (SCs). The cascade control of voltage and current were implemented on SCs for tracking the energy during acceleration and braking. The performances of SCs concerning the dynamic power were examined. A reliable power...
The TU/e has developed a battery electric vehicle (BEV) using a VW Lupo 3L as donor platform. The differences between the initial design calculations and actual vehicle performance are analysed. Battery charging and discharging efficiency, acceleration performance and top speed are as expected. The range at low, constant speeds is less than expected, due to a higher rolling resistance and lower power...
This work focuses on an electrical vehicle powered by a FC/UC hybrid system and propelled by electric motor-wheel. The fuel cell (FC) is the main energy source. The ultra-capacitor (UC) allows to fulfill the slowest dynamics of the FC during peak power demand and to recover the breaking energy. The different electrical parts of the electrical vehicle exchange energy with the DC link through DC/DC...
This paper addresses the question of fuel efficiency bounds for Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powered vehicles. Such bounds are based on the optimally achievable brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) of current state of the art engines and the ability to limit the engine operating conditions to the bsfc minimum. Three different vehicle classes are represented by one typical vehicle. Based on these...
We introduce an incremental total least-squares vehicle mass estimation algorithm, based on a vehicle longitudinal dynamics model. Available control area network signals are used as model inputs and output. In contrast to common vehicle mass estimation schemes, where noise is only considered at the model output, our algorithm uses an errors-in-variables formulation and considers noise at the model...
Due to increased public discussion on global climate change and increased awareness of environmental issues in general, a variety of transport related strategies are being developed to reduce the energy consumption of road travel. Pre-trip journey planners and on-trip navigation systems are widely used to identify optimal routes. Travel time, trip distance and travel cost are usually used as criteria...
Uphill sections have often been identified as capacity bottlenecks in freeway networks. One of the main reasons seems to be that drivers reduce speed when they reach the beginning of an uphill section. With high traffic demand, the deceleration of the first vehicle of a platoon can generate a flow disturbance that amplifies as it propagates upstream, triggering the formation of a traffic jam. This...
The present paper deals with the energy management of stationary Li-Ion Capacitor energy storage (LC-ESS) applied in DC electrified mass transit systems. These transportation systems can benefit substantially from wayside energy storage devices for the recuperation of the kinetic energy during brakings and the limitation of supply currents during motoring. The proposed control evaluates analytically...
In recent years hybrid drive accommodates in public transportation and automobiles. Following article deals with hybrid drive technology and its impact on energy savings and performance optimization of shunting locomotives conventionally driven by diesel-generator set. Based on classic longitudinal train dynamics theory of train movement and with support of simulation results, a comparison of electrochemical...
In this paper a statistical method for establishing the efficiency of the drivetrain under different real-world usage conditions has been proposed. The method is based on real-world driving data from an electric vehicle (EV) trial conducted in the UK. It was found that the external environment (road-type and traffic) causes distinct operating regions in the drivetrain. This paper makes use of a neural...
This paper presents the design and the experimental tests of an ultra-capacitor pack used as an energy storage system in a small hybrid electric vehicle. This design consists in calculating the capacitance and the power of the capacitors, which are necessary to store kinetic energy during deceleration of the vehicle and then to accelerate the vehicle. In a second part, experimental tests are achieved...
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