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This articles sets out the regimes applicable in the United States and the European Union in relation to trade with Iran, as a result of the USA’s withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal and the EU’s response. These regimes create conflicting obligations on non-US undertakings. On this basis, it is possible to envisage that EU Member States would adopt measures to compensate undertakings for damages...
Increasingly, national courts have begun to consider the impact of the Charter of Fundamental Rights on EU copyright law. In (C-469/17) Funke Medien, (C-476/17) Pelham GmbH and (C-516/17) Spiegel Online v Volker Beck, the German Federal Supreme Court has referred a series of important questions about the relationship between the Charter, copyright law and national constitutional norms. This article...
The amount of capital that banks have to hold has been raised over time due to the adoption of the increasingly demanding standards issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Accordingly, in December 2017, the so-called Basel IV standards have been published with the final aim of further increasing the capital of banking institutions. Despite the criticisms, capital requirements are an...
This article analyses some of the challenges in implementing and strengthening the principle of judicial independence at European level. It first highlights the difficulties in assessing the level of compliance with the principle of judicial independence and shows the approaches taken by the Council of Europe and the European Union. Next, it discusses some of the most recent decisions of the CJEU...
The paper investigates to what extent the principles of private and public enforcement are adhered to in antitrust damages actions. The Antitrust Damages Directive eliminated the uncertainty created in the wake of the Pfleiderer judgment and reasonably limited national judges’ scope of discretion. Competition authorities tend to rely very heavily on leniency procedures so paradoxically it is in the...
Systemic constraints of flagrant violations of judicial independence, like in Poland or Turkey—in line with an alarming, steadily increasing number of other European judicial systems coming under pressure—have not turned up abruptly, but have developed. Some of these deformities could evolve by making use of certain structural weaknesses in the respective judicial system and by simple reference to...
Cryptocurrencies and virtual currencies gained prominence in 2017 and 2018. The European Union has closely observed developments but has not been proactive in regulating this new phenomenon. In the Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive, a definition of virtual currencies was introduced to EU law for the first time. Reports published by the European Securities and Markets Authority and by the European...
Der Beitrag widmet sich dem aktuellen Thema der steuerrechtlichen Beihilfen durch allgemeine Steuergesetze. Ausgangspunkt ist Artikel 107 AEUV, der von der ”Begünstigung bestimmter Unternehmen oder Produktionszweige“ spricht. Die Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs der Europäischen Union arbeitet vor allem mit den Begriffen ”Selektivität“ und ”Vorteil“. Untersucht werden soll daher die Bedeutung dieser...
The “Renckhoff” judgment follows a prolific series of decisions, mainly on the right to communication to the public. However, it also provides us with new insights on six different levels: the concept of originality, the analysis of economic rights, the concept of a ‘new public’, the limits to the CJEU’s hyperlinking case law, the prototype of the “diligent copyright holder” and the scope of application...
Financial technology (FinTech) based trading activities operate above and underground. Due to their nature, FinTech products can be used within the dedicated regulatory framework or into the deep layers of the Internet. This feature of FinTech alone could potentially undermine the existing financial services regulation (FSR), the aim of which is to ensure financial stability through investor protection...
Résumé Par sa jurisprudence récente en matière de travail à durée déterminée, la Cour a tracé les contours des clauses 4 et 5 de l’accord-cadre sur le travail à durée déterminée qui figure à l’annexe de la directive 1999/70/CE en fournissant une interprétation pragmatique du principe général de non-discrimination, reposant sur une mise en balance des intérêts en jeu, à savoir, d’un côté, le besoin...
With around 351. 8 billion Euro the cohesion policy accounts for almost one third of the European Union’s budget in the period 2014–2020. Numerous programmes and projects are co-funded by the so-called European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF). Errors in public procurement cause almost half of all irregularities detected in these programmes and projects. Many of these errors could be avoided...
In diesem Beitrag wird der Anwendungsbereich der Ehegüterrechtsverordnung besprochen.Dabei werden die folgende Aspekte näher erörtert:1. die Abgrenzung der Ehegüterverordnung zur Partnerschaftsverordnung, wobei die Frage: ,,was ist eine Ehe?” und die Anerkennung von ausländischen Ehen von gleichgeschlechtlichen Paaren im Vordergrund steht;2. die Abgrenzung zur Erbrechtsverordnung, wobei die Mahnkopf-Entscheidung...
Removing obstacles to e-commerce in the Single Market and ensuring effective taxation in the context of the digital economy has been high on the political agenda both in the European Union and beyond. Recently the VAT rules on cross-border e-commerce have gone through a thorough modernisation with a package of new provisions in the EU VAT legislation coming into effect as of 2019 and 2021. Further...
The EU-General-Data-Protection-Regulation (GDPR) provides a Europe-wide and mostly uniform system of Data-Protection, which has also impact on social security. Public authorities must have a legitimate reason for processing data; the legal grounds are given by the GDPR, some have to be specified by domestic law. The processing of special categories of data is strictly prohibited, if there is not an...
After the transposition of the Payment Accounts Directive a right of access to a bank account with basic features has been implemented in all Member States. As the Member States had different options when transposing the directive the situation differs both regarding which credit institutions are obliged to open an account and what fee the credit institution may charge for the service. This article...
Creditworthiness assessment is a valuable tool in avoiding irresponsible lending. Both the Consumer Credit Directive and the Mortgage Credit Directive provide for the requirement of a creditworthiness assessment before the conclusion of the credit agreement. However, neither the Consumer Credit Directive nor the Mortgage Credit Directive adequately regulate the content of the information to be collected...
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