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The role of the cytoplasmic tail of the Moloney murine leukemia virus transmembrane protein in the regulation of syncytia was examined. Three mutations within the cytoplasmic tail were studied. Linker-insertionin7705-12a is within the viral-associated cytoplasmic tail, linker-insertionin7748-12a is within the R peptide, and a third mutation expresses TM lacking the R peptide (Env R − ). The...
Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) is a representative member of subgroup I of the Geminiviridae, a unique plant DNA virus family. Since geminivirus DNA replication occurs in the host cell nucleus exclusively via double-stranded DNA intermediates, a considerable interest has arisen to use them as expression vectors. We have used particle bombardment to introduce WDV vectors into cultured wheat cells and to analyze...
Recombinant Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine candidates based on a highly attenuated vaccinia virus (NYVAC-JEV) and a canarypox virus (ALVAC-JEV) were evaluated for their ability to induce specific antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in mice. Six- to eight-week-old male Balb/c mice that received one or two intraperitoneal inoculations with these JE vaccine candidates at a dose of 1 × 10...
Hepatitis B viruses replicate via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. This RNA pregenome serves as mRNA and is packaged into capsids and reverse transcribed. Both processes require the interaction of the viral reverse transcriptase, P protein, with the 5′-proximal ϵ-signals on the pregenome. For ϵ of human hepatitis B virus (HBV), the presence of a functionally important stem–loop structure...
opep-2is anOrgyia pseudotsugatamulticapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) early gene in theie1–ie2gene region for which there is no homolog in either the archetype virus,Autographa californicaMNPV, orBombyx moriNPV.opep-2is transcribed immediately upon infection as three mRNAs which initiate from a early gene motif (TATA-N 27 -CAGT). The expression of multiple transcripts at very early times...
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transactivator Tat protein is essential for efficient viral gene expression and virus replication. The Tat core domain, a stretch of 12 amino acids between the cysteine-rich and the basic domain, is conserved in all HIV isolates and required for interaction with a number of cellular transcriptional regulatory proteins. Here we demonstrate that soluble...
The φX174 J protein is 37 amino acids in length and contains 12 basic residues. There are no acidic amino acids in the protein. The basic residues are concentrated in two clusters in the N-terminus which are separated by a proline-rich region. To investigate the morphogenetic functions of the J protein and possible mechanisms by which it may bind DNA, a genetic analysis was conducted. Lysine → leucine...
The adenovirus E1B 19K gene plays an essential role in transformation of primary rodent cells in cooperation with E1A and in the inhibition of apoptosis during lytic infection. It has been shown that this E1B 19K protein is not necessary for viral DNA replication in human cell lines, such as HeLa and KB. We reported here that the E1B 19K mutant viruses were unable to replicate efficiently in a monocyte...
To elucidate the association of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and salivary gland tumors, 114 cases of tumors of major salivary glands were investigated. EBV DNA was detected in all 6 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma and all 3 cases of T-cell lymphoma, but not in other tumor tissues.In situhybridization studies for EBV DNA and EBV-encoded small RNA 1 (EBER1) showed specific localization of the EBV sequences...
Replication initiation events are suppressed over the SV40 core originin vitro;they are also greatly reduced over sequences flanking the origin which contain binding sites for several transcription factors. To address the biochemical basis for the gap in initiation events over the flanking sequences, initial synthesis events have been characterized on templates lacking these sequences. Herein, it...
A glycoprotein B (gB) gene homologue was identified in a 5.4-kbBamHI genomic fragment of the phocid herpesvirus type-1 (PhHV-1) which represents a widespread and important pathogen of pinnipeds. Sequence analysis revealed a gB-specific open-reading frame comprising 881 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis gave evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between PhHV-1 and members of theVaricellovirusgenus...
Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) is a thymotropic and leukemogenic retrovirus which causes T lymphomas and leukemias, yet does not contain a transforming gene product. Mo-MuLV has been shown totrans-activate cellular genes via a polymerase III-generated transcript, designatedlet,from the long terminal repeat (LTR). Here we demonstrate that introduction of the Mo-MuLV LTR stably, or transiently,...
When constructing viruses that have desired hybrid phenotypes, anticipated difficulties include the nonviability of many, possibly most, of the hybrid genomes that can be constructed by incorporation of DNA fragments. Therefore, many different hybrid genomes may have to be constructed in order to find one that is viable. To perform this combinatorial work in a single experiment, we have used bacteriophage...
The restricted tissue tropism observed in poliovirus infection is not governed solely by the expression of the poliovirus receptor (PVR) gene, but might be controlled at stages beyond virus entry, such as translation, replication, or assembly. Translation of poliovirus RNA by a cap-independent mechanism requires interactions of the 5′-untranslated region (5′UTR) with cell proteins. To determine whether...
Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is an atypical alphavirus [Dalgarno, L., Short, N. J., Hardy, C. M., Bell, J. R., Strauss, J. H., and Marshall, I. D. (1984).Virology133, 416–426] and has been classified as the sole known member of a seventh alphavirus serocomplex. The complete nucleotide sequence of BFV genomic RNA is 11,488 nucleotides in length excluding the poly(A) tail. Two long open reading frames...
Despite their uniform ability to bind to oligosaccharide-containing terminal sialic acids, influenza A viruses show differences in receptor specificity. To test whether agglutination of erythrocytes from different animal species could be used to assess the receptor specificity of influenza A viruses, we determined the agglutinating activities of a range of virus strains, including those with known...
The bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) L2 protein purified fromEscherichia coliwas used as an antigen to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). A total of 26 individual clones which recognized the BPV1 L2 protein were obtained. Using infectious BPV1 virus particles, 3 of the MAbs were found to interact with BPV1 virus particles. Binding of the MAbs to BPV1 was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy...
Previous studies have shown that the ZII element in the BZLF1 promoter (P1) is responsive to TPA and anti-immunoglobulin induction. In this report, we have studied the DNA/protein complexes formed when ZII is used as a binding site. Twelve distinct DNA/protein complexes were seen in mobility shift experiments using Akata cell nuclear extracts and radiolabeled ZII. Eleven of these complexes were also...
The negative regulatory element (NRE) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core promoter contains three subregions which act synergistically to suppress core promoter activity. One of these subregions, NREγ, is active in both HeLa cervical carcinoma cells and Huh7 hepatoma cells and was found to be bound by a protein factor present in both cell types. Here we show that the transcription factor RFX1 can...
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