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Hepatitis B viruses replicate via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. This RNA pregenome serves as mRNA and is packaged into capsids and reverse transcribed. Both processes require the interaction of the viral reverse transcriptase, P protein, with the 5′-proximal ϵ-signals on the pregenome. For ϵ of human hepatitis B virus (HBV), the presence of a functionally important stem–loop structure...