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The problem of an outdated tariff has become acute recently with increased water scarcity in Palestine. Therefore, the goals of the study were to analyse the factors that could affect the water consumption in Jericho governorate, Palestine; explore societal perceptions of alternative water sources; and to identify areas that need to be re‐examined for tariff revision or changes to water source and...
Landfilling of biosolids is classified as one type of surface disposals presented in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under subpart C of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 503. This method offers the simplest solution to biosolids handling by concentrating the material in a single location and provides several benefits. To meet the requirement for biosolids landfilling,...
This chapter deals with processes for biosolids dewatering and septage treatment. Septage is the liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank or cesspool when it is cleaned. A selection of recent methods that show promising applications is presented. These include Expressor Press, Som-A-System, CentriPress, screw press, Sun Sludge System, wedgewater bed, vacuum-assisted bed, reed bed, biosolids-freezing...
Submerged aeration is created by the action of submerged aerators (air diffuser, static mixer, sparge turbine, jet aerator, etc.), which introduce compressed air or oxygen at or near the bottom of an aeration basin. Oxygen transfer and liquid mixing are achieved as air/oxygen bubbles rise to the water surface. This chapter discusses the topics of aeration performance, oxygenation, deoxygenation, oxygen...
Anaerobic digestion results in the biological breakdown of the sludge into methane, carbon dioxide, unusable immediate organics and a small amount of cellular protoplasm, under anaerobic conditions, mainly for sludge stabilization and volume reduction. This chapter introduces anaerobic digestion theory, biochemistry, microbiology, organic loading, temperature control, digester design, gas collection,...
This chapter deals with processes for biosolids dewatering and septage treatment. Septage is the liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank or cesspool when it is cleaned. A selection of recent methods that show promising applications is presented. These include: Expressor Press, Som-A-System, CentriPress, screw press, Sun Sludge system, wedgewater bed, vacuum assisted bed, reed bed, biosolids...
Environmental biotechnology is a system of scientific and engineering knowledge related to the use of microorganisms and their products in the prevention of environmental pollution through biotreatment of solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes, bioremediation of polluted environments, and biomonitoring of environment and treatment processes. The advantages of biotechnological treatment of wastes are as...
With the increasing generation of sewage sludge, its proper handling and disposal play a critical role in protecting our environment. Sustainable sludge treatment and management depend on controlling the quantity, quality, and characteristics of biosolids in favor of efficient sludge handling and biosolids beneficial use. One of the ultimate goals in the treatment is to convert sludge into biosolids...
If the wastewater to be treated contains various forms of nitrogen, three biological treatment steps are required for nitrogen removal: (a) in a bio-oxidation step, organic nitrogen is anerobically broken down to ammonia nitrogen; (b) in a subsequent nitrification step, ammonia nitrogen in the wastewater is aerobically converted to nitrate nitrogen; and (c) in a final denitrification step, nitrate...
urface aeration involves the use of special floating aerators or spray aerators for removing taste/odor-causing substances, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, volatile organic compounds, etc. from water, and for oxidizing iron and manganese in drinking water. The topics covered in this chapter are: gas solubility, diffusion, equilibrium, mixing, gas transfer, reaeration, instream aeration,...
Vermistabilization, also known as vermicomposting, is a biodegradation process for stabilization of biosolids and organic solid wastes using earthworms. The worms maintain aerobic conditions in the organic substances and accelerate and enhance the biological decomposition of the organic substances. This chapter introduces and reviews the vermistabilization process. The technology development, technical...
A novel columnar bioreactor system comprising an integrated bioreactor clarification system with layers of pseudoliquified activated sludge was demonstrated at a pilot scale for the treatment of municipal wastewaters. The system was mechanically simple, avoiding the need for any mechanical components for biomass recirculation, mixed liquor recirculation, and sludge collection and wastage. Wastewater...
Anaerobic lagoons and storage ponds are frequently used for agricultural waste pre-treatment, and storage, respectively. This chapter introduces the anaerobic lagoon process, applications, limitations, performance, reliability, design considerations, energy consumption, capital cost, operation and maintenance costs, and process monitoring notes when the process is used for agricultural waste treatment...
Human beings are exposed to two sources of radiation in the environment: natural and man-made. Natural sources include radioactive radon, radioisotopes with a long half-life, such as potassium in the body, cosmic rays (energetic γ-rays and particles from the sun and interstellar space), and some rocks. Various sources of artificial radiation include medical X-rays, nuclear medicine for cancer treatment,...
Phytoremediation includes utilization of plants to remediate polluted soils. In this chapter, application of Vetiver grass in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils is discussed. Case studies in Australia, China, and South Africa are presented. The future application may be in the areas of mine site stabilization, landfill rehabilitation, leachate treatment, wastewater treatment, and other...
Humans knew the technique of sedimentation since time immemorial. They had learned from Mother Nature that when river waters come to rest in ponds and lakes they become much clearer. Whenever they had to drink water from rivers carrying silt and other suspended particles, they let it rest a while before drinking. The technique of sedimentation was used in the construction of prehistoric water works...
Point-of-use (POU) system is the treatment process aimed to treat only water intended for direct consumption (drinking and cooking), typically at a single tap or limited number of taps. Point-of-entry (POE) treatment devices are typically installed to treat all water entering a single home, business, school, or facility. Reverse osmosis (RO) is recognized by the industry as one of the top POU and...
Recently, attention has been given to aerobic granulation, which is a novel environmental biotechnology for wastewater treatment. This chapter reviews the progress and development of basic research and application of aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactors in the treatment of a wide variety of wastewaters.
This study assessed the efficiency of electrocoagulation (ECF) coupled with an addition of chemical coagulant to decolorize textile dye. Tests were conducted using Box Behnken methodology to vary six parameters: dye type, weight, coagulant type, dose, initial pH and current density. The combination of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation was able to decolorize dye up to 99.42 % in 30 min of...
The Engineer’s Joint Council on Air Pollution and Its Control defines air pollution as “the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants, such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odor, smoke or vapor in quantities, of characteristics, and of duration, such as to be injurious to human, plant, or property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property...
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