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Membrane science and technology have experienced a long historical development in laboratory study before realizing their first significant industrial application in the 1960s. With nearly 50 years of rapid advancement, today, membrane-based processes enjoy numerous industrial applications and have brought great benefits to improve human life. In this chapter a general introduction is given to membrane...
This chapter mainly describes the principles of membrane formation process for polymeric membranes. With a brief introduction of relevant background information such as various membranes and membrane processes, a comprehensive list of polymer materials, which are suitable for making membranes, has been given. The most common technique used to prepare polymeric membranes – phase inversion process,...
Fouling alleviation and control in full-scale reverse osmosis (RO) processes can be seriously hindered by ineffective fouling characterization. Fouling characterization is currently done primarily by measuring the silt density index (SDI) of feed water and monitoring the average permeate flux of full-scale RO processes. However, the SDI or related fouling indices have been known not capable to catch...
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) promulgated the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, which has identified membrane filtration as a treatment technology that may be used to achieve the required level of Cryptosporidium treatment. This rule, along with the companion: Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products Rule, constitutes the principal US regulations...
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a biochemical engineering process involving the use of both (a) a suspended growth bioreactor for biochemical reactions (such as fermentation, bio-oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification) and (b) a membrane separator for subsequent solids–liquid separation. In a chemical engineering fermentation process, the solids may be yeasts and the liquid may be an alcohol....
Membrane separation processes are based on the ability of semipermeable membranes of the appropriate physical and chemical nature to discriminate between molecules primarily on the basis of size and to a certain extent, on shape and chemical composition. A membrane’s role is to act as a selective barrier, enriching certain components in a feed-stream, and depleting the others. One of the chief attractions...
Due to the limited new water resources, the focus of water industry has shifted more towards reclamation, reuse and recycling of raw water/wastewater and seawater desalination. Rising treatment costs and spatial limits also pose a greater pressure on the development of alternative technologies. Compared with traditional water and wastewater treatment technologies, membrane separation has been increasingly...
The purpose of this chapter is to provide the basic information on the use of membrane filtration and application of the technology in the design of potable water facilities. The main issues involved in the planning and design of membrane systems are covered: pilot testing; the considerations that influence system design and operation including operational unit processes, system design considerations,...
The search for potable water for quenching global thirst remains a pressing concern throughout many regions of the world. The demand for new and sustainable sources and the associated technologies for producing fresh water are intrinsically linked to the solving of potable water availability and hitherto, innovative and energy efficient desalination methods seems to be the practical solutions. Quenching...
In this chapter, advanced membrane technology for the reclamation of municipal wastewater has been introduced. The design of various membrane processes for this application is briefed. The investigations on the most common membrane (integrated) processes are emphasized, including (a) UF for the tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater; (b) MF-RO for the reclamation of the secondary domestic effluent;...
Membrane filtration is considered as a simplified drinking water treatment process, which can remove organic impurities, as well as metal ions and other ions. Nowadays, membrane processes are increasingly employed for removal of bacteria and other microorganisms, particulate material and natural organic matter, which can impart color, tastes, and odors to the water and react with disinfectants to...
Freshwater is one of the scarce resources in the world. In many countries, due to freshwater shortages, searching for freshwater resources has become extremely important and desalination is known to be an essential available solution for this. In this chapter, the thermal distillation of multistage flash distillation, multieffect distillation and vapor compression and electrodialysis processes for...
Desalination allows the use of non-conventional water sources such as seawater for the production of potable water. Reverse osmosis (RO), one of the technologies for desalination, is becoming popular in the water industry. In this chapter, theory of RO process, plant configurations, and practical considerations related to the plant operation are addressed. Factors such as high permeate flux, high...
Point-of-use (POU) system is the treatment process aimed to treat only water intended for direct consumption (drinking and cooking), typically at a single tap or limited number of taps. Point-of-entry (POE) treatment devices are typically installed to treat all water entering a single home, business, school, or facility. Reverse osmosis (RO) is recognized by the industry as one of the top POU and...
Oily wastewater treatment can be classified into two categories; primary and secondary treatment systems. The primary treatment is employed to separate floatable oils from water and emulsified oil. Secondary treatment system is aimed to treat or break emulsified oil and, then, remove oil from water. This chapter mainly describes use of classical membrane technologies, which are ultrafiltration, microfiltration,...
Ultrafiltration is a pressure-driven membrane technique whose applications are wide ranging: protein fractionation to wastewater treatment. The performance of ultrafiltration is limited by concentration polarization and subsequent fouling. Gas sparging i.e. introduction of gas bubbles along with the feed has been shown to be effective in reducing concentration polarization and thus controlling fouling...
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