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Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEV) are a very promising approach to save fuel and minimize exhaust emissions. The drivetrains of HEV are equipped with at least one Electric Machine (EM) in addition to the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). Therefore it is possible to operate the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) in more efficient working points or to shut it down if the efficiency is too low. Despite...
This article describes the development of a fast model predictive controller (MPC) for the air path of a diesel combustion engine. A basically fundamental model with a couple of measurement driven parts forms a nonlinear observer within an MPC. An online linearization algorithm allows a successive update of the linear model used for the prediction step and furthermore for the optimization to get the...
This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Forging in the Semi‐solid State
Heating and Forming Operations
Simulation of the Thixoforming Process
Conclusion
References
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