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Ethernet is considered as a future communication standard for distributed embedded systems in the automotive and industrial domains. A key challenge is the deterministic low-latency transport of Ethernet frames, as many safety-critical real-time applications in these domains have tight timing requirements. Time-sensitive networking (TSN) is an upcoming set of Ethernet standards, which (among other...
Network-on-Chip-based multi- and many-core architectures show high potential for use in safety-critical real-time applications, such as Flight Management Systems, considering their superior efficiency. For such use however, safety standards require proof that the architecture meets the specified security goals. This usually involves a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to reveal the effects...
New hard real-time Advanced Driver Assistance Systems such as the Collision-Avoidance System push the bandwidth requirements of the communication infrastructure to a new level. Controller Area Network (CAN) and FlexRay are reaching their limits. Ethernet-based automotive networks such as Ethernet AVB are capable of addressing these requirements. However, designing predictable Ethernet networks is...
Multi- and many-core architectures using Networks-on-Chip (NoC) are being explored for use in real-time safety-critical applications for their performance and efficiency. Such systems must provide isolation between tasks that may present distinct criticality levels. The NoC is critical to maintain the isolation property as it is a heavily used shared resource. To meet safety-standard requirements,...
Modern many-core platforms offer sufficient redundant resources for increasing availability and fault-tolerance of multiple applications, also of different criticality (mixed-criticality). A suitable platform must allow remapping applications and replacing peripherals dynamically. Mapping to distributed resources but also communication among resources ideally is transparent and flexible to allow changes...
Ethernet networks become increasingly popular in many distributed embedded applications. As an alternative to strict priority (SP) scheduling, weighted round robin (WRR) is supported by most commercially available Ethernet switches. In WRR scheduling the link capacity is distributed fairly among traffic streams according to preset weights on a per round basis. As WRR does not provide latency guarantees,...
Increasing demand for performance and further integration promotes the use of multi- and many-core systems - also in safety-critical embedded systems. In this domain, hardware platforms obviously have to support real-time, predictability constrained applications such as an anti-lock braking system. However, the on-going trend to integrate multiple functions with different criticalities (mixed critical)...
Predictable and low-latency communication timing is one of the major challenges for employing Ethernet-based networks in industrial automation. The evolving Ethernet AVB standard appears to be a promising architecture, as it provides mechanisms for predictable timing with standard Ethernet hardware. However, the worst-case timing of Ethernet AVB still has to be evaluated. In this paper, we analyze...
On a multi- or many-core platform that runs applications of different safety criticality (mixed-criticality), all applications have to be certified to the highest level of criticality, unless they are sufficiently isolated. Isolation enables individual certification of applications and cost-efficient re-certification of single applications after an update. We introduce a parameterizable and synthesizable...
Ethernet is increasingly recognized as the future communication standard for distributed embedded systems in multiple domains such as industrial automation, automotive and avionics. A main motivation for this is cost and available data rate. A critical issue in the adoption of Ethernet in these domains is the timing of frame transfers, as many relevant applications require a guaranteed low-latency...
Current on-chip and macro networks use multi-stage arbitration schemes which independently assign different resources such as crossbar inputs and outputs to individual traffic streams. To use these networks in real-time systems, their worst-case behavior must be proved analytically in order to ensure the required timing guarantees. Current analysis approaches, however, do not capture the multi-stage...
Networks-on-chip for future many-core processor platforms face an increasing diversity of traffic requirements, ranging from streaming traffic with real-time requirements to bursty latency-sensitive best-effort traffic from general-purpose processors with caches. In this paper, we propose Back Suction, a novel flow-control scheme to implement quality-of-service. Traffic with service guarantees is...
Networks-on-chip (NoC) for general-purpose multiprocessors require quality of service mechanisms to allow realtime streaming applications to be executed along with latency-sensitive general purpose processing tasks. In this paper, we propose a NoC link arbitration technique that supports bandwidth guarantees along with best effort latency optimizations. In contrast to many existing quality of service...
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