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Peptide toxins elaborated by sea anemones target various ion-channel sub-types. Recent transcriptomic studies of sea anemones have identified several novel candidate peptides, some of which have cysteine frameworks identical to those of previously reported sequences. One such peptide is AsK132958, which was identified in a transcriptomic study of Anemonia sulcata and has a cysteine framework similar...
Merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2) is a highly abundant, GPI‐anchored antigen on the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. MSP2 induces an immune response in the context of natural infections and vaccine trials, and these responses are associated with protection from parasite infection. Recombinant MSP2 is highly disordered in solution but antigenic analyses suggest that it is more ordered on the...
In natural proteins and peptides, amino acids exist almost invariably as l-isomers. There are, however, several examples of naturally-occurring peptides containing d-amino acids. In this study we investigated the role of a naturally-occurring d-amino acid in a small peptide identified in the transcriptome of a marine cone snail. This peptide belongs to a family of peptides known as contryphans, all...
Merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2) is an intrinsically disordered antigen that is abundant on the surface of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The two allelic families of MSP2, 3D7 and FC27, differ in their central variable regions, which are flanked by highly conserved C-terminal and N-terminal regions. In a vaccine trial, full-length 3D7 MSP2 induced a strain-specific protective immune...
Amphibian skin secretions are well known as a rich source of bioactive peptides. However, little is known about the presence or role of peptides in the highly toxic, parotid secretion of the cane toad or giant toad, Bufo marinus (Rhinella marina), though small molecule bufadienolides, which act as potent cardiotoxins, have been described. In the current study we used RP-HPLC, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry...
Centipedes are venomous arthropods responsible for a significant number of non-lethal human envenomations. Despite this, information about the composition and function of their venom contents is scarce. In this study, we have used a ‘structure to function’ proteomic approach combining two-dimensional chromatography (2D-LC), electrospray ionization quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF/MS),...
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is one of the most potent toxin already isolated, which occurs in a wide range of marine as well as terrestrial animals such as in newts and anurans. In this work, the occurrence of TTX and analogues was examined in three brachycephalid species: Brachycephalus ephippium, B. nodoterga and B. pernix using LC-FLD and LC-MS/MS. In toxicity assay (intra-peritonial injection in mice)...
Brachycephalus ephippium is a diurnal frog, that shows aposematic colouration and inhabits Atlantic forest leaf litter in south-eastern Brazil. The presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the skin, liver and ovaries of B. ephippium was demonstrated. The skin (260M.U./g) exhibited the highest toxicity followed by liver (177M.U./g). TTX and its analogues, tetrodonic acid, 4-epitetrodotoxin and 4,9 anhydrotetrodotoxin...
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