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Charakterystyki prądów zwarciowych podlegają ciągłym zmianom w miarę rozwoju generacji wiatrowej oraz innych źródeł włączanych do sieci za pośrednictwem przekształtników energoelektronicznych. Odpowiedź zwarciowa systemu zmieniła się nie tylko w rezultacie zmniejszenia udziału mocy generowanej przez tradycyjne duże generatory synchroniczne, ale także zmienia się w ślad za nowymi rozwiązaniami generacji...
Ultra-high-speed line protection is becoming a reality today, giving the industry a way to trip line faults in a few milliseconds. One relay described in this paper that uses time-domain principles incorporates incremental-quantity (TD32) and traveling-wave (TW32) directional elements in a communications-assisted tripping scheme, incremental-quantity distance element (TD21), and traveling-wave differential...
Today's relays are predominantly based on phasors, and as such, they incur a delay associated with the full-cycle observation window required for accurate phasor estimation. Considerable improvement in speed is possible by using information in the transients of voltages and currents. We review a number of protection techniques, including directional elements, direct tripping underreaching elements,...
The power system in Guatemala is part of the long, interconnected network in Central America that runs from the south of Mexico to Panama. This power system is connected to Mexico in the north and to El Salvador in the south. The power system in El Salvador is connected to the rest of the Central American countries in the south, all the way to Panama. The Guatemalan power system is a transmission...
Faults on overhead transmission lines cause transients that travel at the speed of light and propagate along the power line as traveling waves (TWs). This paper provides an overview of TWs and TW fault locators. It explains the physics, reviews the theory of TWs, explains the foundations of various types of TW fault locators, and provides an in-depth discussion on a number of TW fault locating implementation...
The value of teleprotection schemes at the transmission level has been well established. Varieties of channels have been employed as communications technologies advanced. The associated schemes have been tailored to both the function served and the available channel characteristics. The use of communication at the distribution level was considered unnecessary until recently because conventional distribution...
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