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The integration of distributed generation (DG) or distributed resources in the distribution system poses technical constraints for the electrical power system owner or manager. The addition of relatively large amounts of generation to the distribution system can potentially challenge the historical settings principles and design assumptions made in developing protection and control strategies based...
Various communication protocols are used within a typical industrial facility including Modbus RTU, DeviceNet and Profibus. These protocols used over the years have been in a Master-Slave configuration. Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) are slaves to single or multiple masters with one-way communication with the IED acting as a data/controlled node to the master device. Control is implemented...
Bus differential systems have long been the main method of protection systems used on 5 kV and 15 kV electrical switchgear distribution applications. However these relays have some problem areas that must be addressed for each and every application. There are several types of bus protection relays such as the multi-restraint variable, high-impedance voltage-operated and LC linear coupler types. More...
Motors are estimated to be one of the most numerous components of the electric power system. As the device that takes electrical energy and converts it to the mechanical energy needed to power processes, a motor that is unnecessarily out of service can bring an entire process to a halt, resulting in a significant loss of revenue. Conversely, the expense and time to replace a large motor damaged beyond...
Recent years have witnessed great improvements in the synchronized phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology. Synchronized measurements of the power system provide insightful data that was not visible prior to having PMU technology. As this technology continues to improve and as its infrastructure continues to grow, more PMU measurement locations are added every year. However, there are still many...
Over ten years have passed since CenterPoint Energy (CNP) began deploying modern microprocessor based protective relays across the utility's Houston, Texas electrical power service area. During the transition and service tenure of the modern relay devices, a variety of protective relay events and protective relay system design issues have been identified, analyzed, and resolved by CNP engineers. The...
This working group was formed in order to provide a report to the Relaying Communications Subcommittee on the redundancy of various coupling schemes in a power line carrier (PLC) based pilot protection system. Of particular interest, is when the protection is made up of two pilot schemes both of which use PLC for the protection channel. However, the information presented here is also applicable to...
In this paper, the security and reliability of the protection and control circuits are examined for generating unit applications. Circuit designs at existing generating units are closely related to the unit age. Standard practices are examined to provide reliable and secure operation of breaker close and trip circuits to protect against component failures, common-mode failures, operator errors, and...
Distribution network operation periodically exceeds the loading capabilities of a substation power transformer. This can result in accelerated insulation aging and, in some cases, failure due to complete deterioration of the insulation. The solution described in this paper allows users to monitor critical substation transformer assets with a comprehensive transformer thermal model per IEEE C57.91–1995...
Typically, distance relays protect transmission lines from power system faults by using the method of step distance protection. This method uses the line impedance as the basis to form zones of protection and each zone is calculated by a predetermined percentage of the line impendence. The impedance setting will establish the relay's impedance characteristic, which is graphically displayed as circles...
The National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, is assigned by the US Department of Energy, DoE, to drive Smart Grid developments and harmonization efforts in the power industry. Distributed Generation has been identified as one of the important areas for the Smart Grid developments. Multiple generation sources, bi-directional power flow, power flow time co-ordination and management bring...
Southern California Edison Company (SCE) is now designing and installing one of the world's most extensive high-speed wide area protection systems — the Centralized Remedial Action Scheme (C-RAS) [1]. C-RAS uses protective relays installed in transmission substations across the SCE service territory to monitor critical transmission line flows and other electrical measurements, as well as relay or...
Orion New Zealand Limited (Orion) is a distribution utility that serves the city of Christchurch, the second largest city in New Zealand. Orion is adopting the technical capabilities found in the IEC 61850 standard and other technologies for a simple-to-implement, fit-for-purpose design for distribution protection. Orion is successfully using protective relays that provide multiple zones of protection...
This paper demonstrates how to perform highspeed communication-assisted tripping and sectionalizing on distribution systems. All faults are quickly cleared and the distribution system is rapidly sectionalized to restore service to the most customers possible. Inherent time delays embedded in the traditional approach are eliminated.
One of the traditional techniques for detecting power swings uses a dual-quadrilateral characteristic. It is based on the measurement of the time interval it takes the positive-sequence impedance to cross two blinders. Another technique monitors the variation of the swing center voltage approximation. This paper presents a performance comparison between applications of these two techniques in cases...
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