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When fluid flow approaches zero, the measurement uncertainty of ultrasonic flow meters (USMs) increases, unless specific precautions are made. At zero flow, the measured transit times of upstream and downstream propagation are not necessarily equal, resulting in a zero flow timing offset, which becomes highly important in the low-velocity flow range, and provides false flow detection and degraded...
Ultrasonic gas flow meters for volumetric flow rate fiscal metering of natural gas (USMs) may possibly also be used for mass and energy flow rate measurement, partially based on sound velocity measurement. To establish the accuracy of the sound velocity measurements given by the USM, and for traceability purposes, an independent high-accuracy sound velocity measurement cell may serve as reference...
Multipath ultrasonic transit time flow meters (USM) represent an alternative to conventional meters for fiscal gas flow measurement. When the meter is installed close to bend(s), the flow profile can be quite complex, with asymmetric axial and transversal flow profiles. To investigate the accuracy of the measurement in such situations, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of 3D flow in various...
Aims Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction has been proposed as the basis of heart failure in patients with normal left ventricular systolic function. Doppler indices of mitral inflow have been widely used to diagnose this condition and have been shown to correlate well with increased left atrial pressure in patients with cardiovascular disease. We wanted to establish age-specific criteria for normality...
AimsLeft ventricular hypertrophy has been shown to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity. Acknowledging the skewed distribution of left ventricular mass, we wanted to develop criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy based on percentiles of left ventricular mass, and observe the effect on estimates of left ventricular hypertrophyprevalences in different subgroups and on the relationship...
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