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Adult mammalian brain contains a number of specialized neurovascular structures termed “niches” that act as sources of neuronal cells throughout the individual’s life. Some of the niches generate neurons to satisfy the need for ‘replacement’ neurons within the same or closely located brain structures, whereas the other can provide such cells for more distant destinations in the brain. A common characteristic...
Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a major neurodegenerative disease to afflict the adult human population. ALS causes a progressive motoneuron degeneration within anterior horns of the spinal cord. Recent data indicate the presence of mutations in the SMN (Survival Motor Neuron) gene that cause a deficits in the level of the functional SMN protein and may be an exacerbating factor...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to degeneration and loss of motoneurons in the spinal cord anterior horns. Although etiology of the disease is unknown there is a hypothesis assuming that survival motor neuron protein (SMN) may save motoneurons from degeneration not only in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) but also in ALS. In animal models of ALS the neuroprotective...
Because of their potential for self-renewal and the ability for generating many differentiated cell types, progenitor cells are a key player in regenerative and repair processes. In the central nervous system, pools of these cells have been identified in two regions: the subgranular zone of hippocampal gyrus dentatus and the subventricular zone. Neural stem cells that reside in these regions are subject...
Reinnervation observed in early stage of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a compensatory mechanism for motoneuron loss. Since survival motor neuron (SMN) protein could be involved not only in neuroprotection but also in the transport of mRNAs in motoneuron axons, we examined its immunoexpression in anterior horn motoneurons of ALS patients with reinnervation in EMG. SMN immunolabel was observed...
Purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor is widely distributed in brain. Strong evidence suggests that this receptor is related to inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes in many pathological states of central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the commonly used animal model of MS. In this study we investigate the expression of...
Normal functioning of both the CNS and the blood-brain barrier depends on proper functioning of the neurovascular unit (NVU) - a dynamic structure made of neurons, capillary vessel (consisted of endothelial cells, pericytes and basement mebrane), extracellular matrix and vessel-bound astrocytes. Human brain trauma occurs during numerous life-saving neurosurgical procedures (e.g. removal of a brain...
Electrospun nanofibers are very promising material to be used in biomedicine. Electrospinning (electrical spinning) is a method of producing non-woven fibers of diameters down to 2 nm (and length of many cm) in contrast to a classical spinning - not thinner than 5µm. Main feature of the nanofibers is a very high surface to volume ratio of the material and lack of crystalline defects. The electrospinning...
Multiple sclerosis is a common neurodegenerative disease with prevalence in Poland about 15 per 10000 people. It is characterized by inflamed lesions in myelin sheaths surrounding axons in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. These changes lead to the damage of axons and, in consequence, to a broad spectrum of neurological symptoms. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease which is one of the most frequent reasons of disabilities of young adults and a serious problem for modern medicine due to the unknown etiology. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used rodent model of MS. EAE is evoked by immunization of female Lewis rats with homogenate of guinea pigs’ spinal cord combined...
Background: Massive expression in rats of the mutated human superoxide dismutase-1 gene (mhSOD1G93A) causes an incurable, fast-progressing fatal illness that is an established model of fALS. We showed earlier that CDPch can slightly but signifi cantly defer the onset of neurologic symptoms and extend life of the carriers. Here we report effects of the drug on some biochemical indices. Methods: Transgenic...
Several lines of evidence suggests that neovascularization in adult organism may be mediated by circulating progenitor cells. During ischemia and brain injury, populations of endothelial progenitor cells are mobilized and recruited to ischemic and injured areas, accelerating the neovascularization process. Surgical brain injury causes neovascularization in the disrupted brain parenchyma, which occurs...
Under different pathological conditions activation of astrocytes of neuroprotective or neurotoxic nature is observed. There is a growing number of evidence that many pathological states of brain are characterized by very early active contribution of astrocytes to neurodegenerative axonal damage. Astroglia posses defense mechanisms against glutamate excitotoxicity (transporter systems) but may also...
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