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Single photon detectors allow us to work with the weakest signals such as auto-fluorescent biological sources. In combination with time gated operation mode, an array of detectors can be used as Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging system with extremely high sensitivity.
While CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) technology has steadily advanced, improving noise, timing resolution, and sensitivity, spatial resolution has been increasing as well. The increase in the number of pixels has made a comprehensive analysis of nonuniformity and its effects meaningful, allowing a more accurate comparison of SPAD imagers with other high-end scientific imagers, such as electron...
In SPADnet we have advocated the use of standardized photonic modules for modular assembly of PET systems. In this paper, we tackle the scalability problem, starting from synchronization. Since the photonic modules in a ring must ensure tens of picoseconds in timing accuracy, it is essential that the synchronization of each module be accurate, irrespective of the number of modules in a ring, the ring's...
The design and realization of a truly scalable, distributed real time coincidence detection technique for multi-ring based Positron Emission Tomography (PET) systems is presented in this work. To ensure scalability to various PET configurations, the design was optimized at two abstraction levels. First, at the system level, a network was designed to facilitate lower packet latency. Second, at the...
A complete simulation environment, designed to aid the SPADnet network design and to perform scalability studies, is presented in this work. Two simulators, namely a coincidence network simulator and a data transfer simulator, designed to simulate two network channels, were optimized for speed and memory. Furthermore, these simulators were coupled with GATE in order to emulate a real PET system network...
Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are solidstate photo-detectors capable of detecting single photons by exploiting the avalanche effect that occurs in the breakdown of a p-n junction biased above breakdown voltage. By this effect, a SPAD translates an incoming photon to a macroscopic current pulse. These devices are currently used for building medical devices characterized by a very high time...
This paper is the first comprehensive presentation of the SPADnet concept. SPADnet is a fully digital, networked MRI compatible time-of-flight PET system, exploiting the speed and integration density of deep-submicron CMOS technologies. The core enabling technologics of SPADnet are a sensor device comprising an array of 8×16 pixels, each composed of 4 mini-SiPMs with in situ time-to-digital conversion,...
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