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The rise of distributed generation makes more difficult the power balance between demand and generation in electrical networks, especially by the uncertainty of renewable generation. Smart grid concepts have been developed to solve this problem. A set of generators, loads and storage devices are locally managed to minimize the energy cost. These smart grids have surpluses and deficits of energy along...
This paper focuses on a typical customer with a PV plant and a battery storage by the perspective of two EU members: Italy and Spain. The authors calculate the electricity bill of the considered customer in accordance with the respective legislative and regulatory frameworks. This calculation is a preparatory and preliminary activity for finding relevant differences, if any, that should not exist...
Photovoltaic–thermal panels offer a practical means of generating both electricity and hot water but, at the same time, inefficiencies arise from combining these two types of collectors. This study aims to improve on convective losses in pane spacing in a covered panel by substituting the inside Air with different gases and also optimizing the distance between panes. Although a striking improvement...
The classification of states can be based on power output, "unperturbed wind speed" and wind speed prediction, depending on available data and aim of the wind farm model. The performance matrix in Standard IEC 61400-12-3 can be used as emission matrix to relate wind and power in a wind farm using a hidden Markov model. The wind farm model can be used also as time interpolation between horizons...
In this work, the power oscillations during continuous operation of a whole wind farm and a single turbine are characterized for timescales in the range of minutes to fractions of seconds. A stochastic model is derived in time and frequency domains to link the overall behavior of a large number of wind turbines from the operation of a single turbine. A literature review on experimental data of Power...
This work focuses on the overall effect of blade positions in a wind farm. Assuming that there are no synchronization forces in a wind farm, the distribution of blade position of the turbines of a wind farm is derived. The crossing of blades in front of its turbine tower is modeled as a Poisson Process. The variability of the wind farm power output due to tower shadow and the probability of extreme...
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