Serwis Infona wykorzystuje pliki cookies (ciasteczka). Są to wartości tekstowe, zapamiętywane przez przeglądarkę na urządzeniu użytkownika. Nasz serwis ma dostęp do tych wartości oraz wykorzystuje je do zapamiętania danych dotyczących użytkownika, takich jak np. ustawienia (typu widok ekranu, wybór języka interfejsu), zapamiętanie zalogowania. Korzystanie z serwisu Infona oznacza zgodę na zapis informacji i ich wykorzystanie dla celów korzytania z serwisu. Więcej informacji można znaleźć w Polityce prywatności oraz Regulaminie serwisu. Zamknięcie tego okienka potwierdza zapoznanie się z informacją o plikach cookies, akceptację polityki prywatności i regulaminu oraz sposobu wykorzystywania plików cookies w serwisie. Możesz zmienić ustawienia obsługi cookies w swojej przeglądarce.
Redundancy is essential for achieving fault tolerance and higher dependability attributes. Redundancy by means of replication of identical units is widely used and under the assumption of random failures, it proves to be beneficial also. But common cause failures (CCFs) are threat to such redundancy schemes. With the increasing use of computer-based/electronic programmable systems in critical applications,...
Indian reactors traditionally adopted 2-out-of-3 (2oo3) architecture for safety systems. But, contemporary reactor safety systems are employing 2-out-of-4 (2oo4) architecture in spite of the increased size and cost due to the additional channel. This motivated us to carry out a comparative study of 2oo3 and 2oo4 architecture, especially for their dependability attributes - safety and availability...
In this paper, we present a case study on development of software for class-IB systems of a nuclear reactor. International standards and engineering procedures do exist for development of software for class-IB instrumentation and control (I&C) systems. Conformance to these standards is the primary requirement for software to be subjected to class-IB qualification. However, there is a gap between...
Limiting peak-loads and reduction in energy consumption are two important considerations in the design of smart-home control systems. A smoother load profile benefits both utilities and the consumers, in terms of improved grid stability and QoS (fewer occurrences of load-shedding, brownouts and blackouts). Building energy loads are dominated by thermostatically controlled electrical devices (TCEDs)...
Peak energy consumption has impact on upfront capital costs and hence on energy tariffs. Reducing the size of the peaks has been recognized as an important consideration in the design of efficient demand-response systems. A substantial fraction of the energy demand of buildings comes from air-conditioners, refrigerators and room-heaters. These thermostatically controlled electrical devices (TCED)...
A substantial fraction of the energy demand of buildings comes from air-conditioners (ACs), refrigerators, etc., which do not need human interaction for their continuous operations. So long as desirable temperature levels, which we refer to as thermal comfort-bands, are maintained by such background loads, users will not be concerned about when they perform their assigned functions. i.e., when they...
Programmable Controllers (PLC) are being increasingly used in control systems for Nuclear Power Plants. A PLC, qualified for safety applications, is attractive because it saves a lot of time in verification and validation effort as compared to development of embedded control systems. We developed a tool, ST to MISRA-C translator, required for developing application program using Structured Text (ST)...
Programmable Controllers (PLCs) are being increasingly used in safety-critical systems, which include control systems in Nuclear Power Plants. The reason lies in their ease of programming and configurability. Sequential function chart (SFC) has been adopted as a graphical language in the IEC 61131-3 standard because SFC model of control logic graphically represents the control flow of execution. Use...
Podaj zakres dat dla filtrowania wyświetlonych wyników. Możesz podać datę początkową, końcową lub obie daty. Daty możesz wpisać ręcznie lub wybrać za pomocą kalendarza.