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We report on the development of fast photon counting X-ray imaging arrays for dual-energy clinical applications. In order to provide the arrays with adequate performance for clinical dual-energy applications, we have designed and fabricated a novel four threshold application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for single photon counting readout from pixellated direct-conversion CdTe sensors. The ASIC...
Fracture risk is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and with other indices of bone strength, including hip geometry. While the heritability and associated fracture risk of BMD are well described, less is known about genetic influences of bone geometry. We derived hip structural phenotypes using the Hip Structural Analysis program (HSA) and performed autosome-wide linkage analysis of hip geometric...
Nitric oxide (NO), produced by endothelial cells, is a signaling molecule synthesized from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). NO is known to reduce the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor KappaB (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG), leading to decreased osteoclastogenesis and a reduction in bone resorption. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS or NOS3) is the predominant constitutive...
Femoral geometry contributes to bone strength and predicts hip fracture risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate heritability (h 2 ) of geometric indices of the proximal hip and to perform whole-genome linkage analyses of these traits, adjusted for body size.DXA scans of the proximal femur from 1473 members of 323 pedigrees (age range 31–96 years) from the population-based Framingham...
For a fixed weight, a wider bone of standardised length is stiffer. But moving the cortices away from the centre of mass risks creating structural (elastic) instability, and hip fractures have been postulated to occur as a consequence of buckling of the thinned supero-lateral femoral neck cortex during a fall. We hypothesised that stereotyped physical activity (e.g., walking) may help conserve bending...
A combined theoretical and experimental approach is used to study water on the TiO 2 (011)-(2×1) surface. Based on simple proximity arguments dissociative adsorption is expected. Density functional theory and photoemission spectroscopy show that, at low temperatures, a mixed molecular/dissociated water monolayer is stabilized by a H-bonding network. Scanning tunneling microscopy and molecular...
Osteoporotic fractures are less prevalent in African Americans than in caucasians, possibly because of differences in bone structural strength. Bone structural adaptation can be attributed to changes in load, crudely measured as lean and fat mass throughout life. The purpose of this analysis was to describe the associations of leg lean mass, total body fat mass, and hours walked per week with femoral...
The purpose of this cohort study was to focus on factors associated with bone mass and structure of lower limbs and physical performance after menopause. Eighty nonsmoking women with a mean age of 62.1 (SD 0.8) years participated in the study. They were classified into two groups by their use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), either the current users (n = 43) or the never or discontinued users...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contributions of exercise, fitness, body composition, and calcium intake during adolescence to peak bone mineral density and bone structural measurements in young women. University Hospital and 75 healthy, white females in the longitudinal Penn State Young Women's Health Study were included. Body composition, total body, and hip bone mineral density (BMD)...
A total of 693 female U.S. Marine Corps recruits were studied with anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of the midthigh and distal third of the lower leg prior to a 12 week physical training program. In this group, 37 incident stress fracture cases were radiologically confirmed. Female data were compared with male data from an earlier study of 626 Marine recruits extended...
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