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We present Keplerian orbit solutions for the mutual orbits of 17 transneptunian binary systems (TNBs). For ten of them, the orbit had not previously been known: 60458 2000 CM 114 , 119979 2002 WC 19 , 160091 2000 OL 67 , 160256 2002 PD 149 , 469514 2003 QA 91 , 469705 ǂKá̦gára, 508788 2000 CQ 114 , 508869 2002 VT 130 , 1999 RT 214 , and 2002 XH 91 . Seven more are systems where the size, shape, and...
We present high spatial resolution images of the binary transneptunian object Gǃkúnǁ'hòmdímà (229762 2007 UK 126 ) obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope and with the Keck observatory on Mauna Kea to determine the orbit of Gǃò'é ǃhúGǃò'é ǃhú, the much smaller and redder satellite. Gǃò'é ǃhú orbits in a prograde sense, on a circular or near-circular orbit with a period of 11.3 days and a semimajor...
We report Hubble Space Telescope (HST) lightcurve observations of the New Horizons spacecraft encounter Kuiper Belt object (KBO) (486958) 2014 MU 69 acquired near opposition in July 2017. In order to plan the optimum flyby sequence the New Horizons mission planners needed to learn as much as possible about the target in advance of the encounter. Specifically, from lightcurve data, encounter timing...
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) measured the colors of eight Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) that will be observed by the New Horizons spacecraft including its 2019 close fly-by target the Cold Classical KBO (486958) 2014 MU 69 . We find that the photometric colors of all eight objects are red, typical of the Cold Classical dynamical population within which most reside. Because 2014 MU 69 has a similar...
From observations by the Hubble Space Telescope, Keck II Telescope, and Gemini North Telescope, we have determined the mutual orbit of the large transneptunian object (174567) Varda and its satellite Ilmarë. These two objects orbit one another in a highly inclined, circular or near-circular orbit with a period of 5.75days and a semimajor axis of 4810km. This orbit reveals the system mass to be (2...
We report on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of three Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), discovered in our dedicated ground-based search campaign, that are candidates for long-range observations from the New Horizons spacecraft: 2011 JY31, 2011 HZ102, and 2013 LU35. Astrometry with HST enables both current and future critical accuracy improvements for orbit precision, required for possible New...
A new Hubble Space Telescope observation of the 7:4 resonant transneptunian binary system (385446) Manwë has shown that, of two previously reported solutions for the orbit of its satellite Thorondor, the prograde one is correct. The orbit has a period of 110.18±0.02days, semimajor axis of 6670±40km, and an eccentricity of 0.563±0.007. It will be viewable edge-on from the inner Solar System during...
A superior mutual event of the Kuiper Belt binary system (79360) Sila–Nunam was observed over 15.47h on UT 7/8 February 2013 by a coordinated effort at four different telescope facilities; it started ∼1.5h earlier than anticipated, the duration was ∼9.5h (about 10% longer than predicted), and was slightly less deep than predicted. It is the first full event observed for a comparably sized binary Kuiper...
Hubble Space Telescope observations between 2001 and 2010 resolved the binary components of the Cold Classical transneptunian object (79360) Sila–Nunam (provisionally designated 1997 CS 29 ). From these observations we have determined the circular, retrograde mutual orbit of Nunam relative to Sila with a period of 12.50995±0.00036days and a semimajor axis of 2777±19km. A multi-year season...
We report new Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope results concerning the physical properties of the trans-neptunian object (TNO) binaries (120347) Salacia–Actaea (formerly 2004 SB 60 ), and (42355) Typhon–Echidna (formerly 2002 CR 46 ). The mass of the (120347) Salacia–Actaea system is 4.66±0.22×10 20 kg. The semi-major axis, period, and eccentricity of the binary...
Aims: To elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin against the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes Scott A.
Methods and Results: Subtilosin was purified from a culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The minimal inhibitory concentration of subtilosin against L. monocytogenes Scott A was determined by broth microdilution method. The effect of subtilosin...
We present three improved and five new mutual orbits of transneptunian binary systems (58534) Logos-Zoe, (66652) Borasisi-Pabu, (88611) Teharonhiawako-Sawiskera, (123509) 2000 WK 183 , (149780) Altjira, 2001 QY 297 , 2003 QW 111 , and 2003 QY 90 based on Hubble Space Telescope and Keck II laser guide star adaptive optics observations. Combining the five new orbit solutions...
We present optical colors of 72 transneptunian objects (TNOs), and infrared colors of 80 TNOs obtained with the WFPC2 and NICMOS instruments, respectively, on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Both optical and infrared colors are available for 32 objects that overlap between the datasets. This dataset adds an especially uniform, consistent and large contribution to the overall sample of colors, particularly...
We present new analysis of HST images of (47171) 1999 TC 36 that confirm it as a triple system. Fits to the point-spread function (PSF) consistently show that the apparent primary is itself composed of two similar-sized components. The two central components, A1 and A2, can be consistently identified in each of nine epochs spread over 7years of time. In each instance, the component separation,...
We present Hubble Space Telescope observations of six binary transneptunian systems: 2000 QL 251 , 2003 TJ 58 , 2001 XR 254 , 1999 OJ 4 , (134860) 2000 OJ 67 , and 2004 PB 108 . The mutual orbits of these systems are found to have periods ranging from 22 to 137 days, semimajor axes ranging from 2360 to 10500 km, and eccentricities ranging from 0.09 to...
We report resolved photometry of the primary and secondary components of 23 transneptunian binaries obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. V–I colors of the components range from 0.7 to 1.5 with a median uncertainty of 0.06 magnitudes. The colors of the primaries and secondaries are correlated with a Spearman rank correlation probability of 99.99991%, 5 sigma for a normal distribution. Fits to...
We describe a strategy for scheduling astrometric observations to minimize the number required to determine the mutual orbits of binary transneptunian systems. The method is illustrated by application to Hubble Space Telescope observations of (42355) Typhon–Echidna, revealing that Typhon and Echidna orbit one another with a period of 18.971±0.006 days and a semimajor axis of 1628±29 km, implying a...
Hubble Space Telescope observations of Uranus- and Neptune-crossing object (65489) Ceto/Phorcys (provisionally designated 2003 FX 128 ) reveal it to be a close binary system. The mutual orbit has a period of 9.554±0.011 days and a semimajor axis of 1840±48 km. These values enable computation of a system mass of (5.41±0.42)×1018 kg. Spitzer Space Telescope observations of thermal emission at...
Discovery of trans-neptunian object (TNO) satellites and determination of their orbits has recently enabled estimation of the size and albedo of several small TNOs, extending the size range of objects having known size and albedo down into the sub-100 km range. In this paper we compute albedo and size estimates or limits for 20 TNOs, using a consistent method for all binary objects and a consistent...
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