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Various land application technologies as means for waste treatment and disposal are introduced. This chapter discusses the engineering topics of: surface spreading, overland flow, infiltration, percolation, slow rate irrigation, crop irrigation, vegetative cover, soil adsorption, soil ion exchange, mineralization, bacteriological activity, waste treatment, water removal, nitrogen removal, phosphorus...
There are two major components of a subsurface wastewater treatment system: (a) a pretreatment tank for gravity separation and accumulation of the settleable solids from the wastewater, and (b) subsurface distribution and final treatment of the supernatant liquid from this pretreatment tank. This chapter covers the topics of subsurface waste treatment theory, anaerobic septic tank, aerobic tank, subsurface...
The theories and principles of gas dissolution, release, and bubble formation in gas flotation systems are introduced in detail for process design, optimization, and operation. Also introduced is a new instrument for real-time measurement of bubble content and size distribution in a typical flotation system consisting of gas bubbles (gas phase) and bulk water (liquid phase). Specific engineering topics...
When the 37.5 MGD (142 million liters per day) Pittsfield, MA, USA water treatment plant was installed in 1986 it became the world’s largest water treatment plant using dissolved air flotation (DAF) and automatic backwash filtration (ABF) technologies. Design features are presented in detail along with the plant’s performance data, and special features on total wastewater recycle. Total detention...
Experimental procedures are developed for simulation and evaluation of various air flotation and associated treatment processes, including mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, dissolved air flotation, induced air flotation, and filtration. These experimental procedures are useful for determination of chemical types, dosages, chemical reaction time, mixing intensity, pH condition, solids concentration,...
An innovative 0.1-MGD (378 m3 per day) tertiary biological–physicochemical wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) consisting of equalization, rotating biological contactors (RBCs), secondary clarification (using both dissolved air flotation and gravity sedimentation), tertiary sand filtration and ultraviolet disinfection has been installed at Hancock, MA, USA, for treating the domestic sewage generated...
The steps leading to the demise of a lake are discussed. One of the primary causes of the death of a lake is excessive biological growth, called eutrophication. Biological growth is limited primarily by the availability of the nutrients necessary for growth. It has been shown that phosphorus is most frequently the limiting nutrient to control biological growth in a lake, but nitrogen is also commonly...
The importance of algae is discussed. Algae are a significant source of oxygen on Earth due to its capability of photosynthesis. Further they are an efficient biological system for converting solar energy into plant life, a source of energy for higher life. However, at high concentrations, called blooms, they can contribute tastes and odors, and even toxins to the surrounding water. They are best...
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) has been widely used for the pre-treatment or the primary treatment of seafood processing wastes. Screening for removal of large particles (bones, shells, etc.) prior to DAF is recommended. Suspended solids are readily removed in a DAF unit that requires less space than an equivalent standard sedimentation basin. A DAF system can be started and shut down easily to accommodate...
The Handbook of Environmental Engineering series is an incredible collection of methodologies that study the effects of pollution and waste in their three basic forms: gas, solid, and liquid. This exciting new addition to the series, Volume 12: Flotation Technology, has been designed to serve as both a basic flotation textbook and a comprehensive reference book. An indispensable guide for advanced...
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