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The controlled application of sewage sludge biosolids to cropland by subsurface injection or surface spreading is introduced in this chapter. Specifically, the land application process operation, design criteria, performance, application rates, staffing requirements, process monitoring, sensory observation, normal operating procedures, process control considerations, emergency operating procedures,...
Biosolids are essentially organic materials produced during wastewater treatment which may be put to beneficial use. A popular example of such use is the addition of biosolids to soil to supply nutrients and replenish soil organic matter. Biosolids can be applied on agricultural land, forests, rangelands, or on disturbed land in need of reclamation. Recycling biosolids through land application serves...
Three new biosolids treatment processes are introduced: vertical shaft digestion (VSD), vertical shaft floatation (VSF) thickening, and gas-phase biofiltration. The combination of these three major processes, and a few supplemental units (such as grit removal, dewatering and drying) provide complete biosolids treatment. The topics covered in this chapter include: biosolids treatment objectives, vertical...
Composting is one of several methods for treating biosolids to create a marketable end product that is easy to handle, store, and use. The end product is usually a Class A, humuslike material without detectable levels of pathogens that can be applied as a soil conditioner and fertilizer to gardens, food and feed crops, and rangelands. This compost provides large quantities of organic matter and nutrients...
Rotating biological contactor (RBC) is an attached-growth biological process, which consists of a series of rotating plastic media all coated with a layer of biofilm. The biofilm or slime on the media aerobically react with substances in a waste stream for bio-oxidation and nitrification, or anaerobically react with the substances for denitri-fication. This chapter discusses the theory, performance,...
Activated sludge consists of suspended biological flocs that are matrices of microorganisms, nonliving organic matter and inorganic materials. The activated sludge or biological flocs mix with the waste stream, oxidize the organic substances in the wastewater in the presence of oxygen for bio-oxidation and nitrification reactions, or in the absence of oxygen for denitrification reaction. This chapter...
One of the simplest forms of biological treatment processes is the stabilization pond or stabilization lagoon. It is also the most common industrial wastewater treatment facility. This versatile installation serves many basic purposes, including: (a) storage or impoundment of wastewater; (b) settling and removal of suspended solids; (c) storage or impoundment of settled solids; (d) equalization; (e)...
This chapter deals with processes for biosolids dewatering and septage treatment. Septage is the liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank or cesspool when it is cleaned. A selection of recent methods that show promising applications is presented. These include Expressor Press, Som-A-System, CentriPress, screw press, Sun Sludge System, wedgewater bed, vacuum-assisted bed, reed bed, biosolids-freezing...
In February 1993, United States federal standards for the use or disposal of biosolids (Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations [CFR], Part 503) were enacted. As required by the Clean Water Act Amendments, the United States Environmental Protection Agency developed a new regulation to protect public health and the environment from any reasonably anticipated adverse effects of certain pollutants...
An oxidation ditch is a modified activated sludge biological treatment process that uses long solids retention times (SRTs) to remove biodegradable organics. The typical oxidation ditch is equipped with aeration rotors or brushes that provide aeration and circulation. The wastewater moves through the ditch at 1 to 2ft/s. The ditch may be designed for continuous or intermittent operation. Because of...
Among the suspended-growth biological treatment processes covered in this chapter are conventional activated sludge, high rate activated sludge, pure oxygen activated sludge, contact stabilization, activated sludge with nitrification, separate stage nitrification, separate stage denitrification, extended aeration, oxidation ditch, Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT) process, carrier-activated...
Such Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) processes as Aqua SBR, Omniflo, Fluidyne, CASS, ICEAS and their applicability on a treatment plant are considered in this chapter. Advantages and disadvantages and such design criteria as process parameters, construction of reactor, and process safety altogether with process performance, operation, maintenance, and costs altogether with packaged SBR for onsite systems...
In a conventional activated-sludge process, bio-oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification reactions occur in three separate bioreactors connected in series. Each bioreactor has its own type of micro-organisms (i.e., activated sludge), and each bioreactor has its own clarifier for micro-organisms—water separation. In a single sludge biological system, the mixed micro-organisms are used throughout...
Utilization refers to the beneficial use of biosolids or biosolids by-products. Biosolids may be used as a soil amendment and a source of nutrients, a source of heat and work, and a source of other useful products that include waste treatment chemicals, landfill toppings, industrial raw materials, animal feed, and materials of construction. The following aspects of utilization are discussed: biosolids...
Dissolved air flotation, air dissolving tube, friction valve, flotation chamber, spiral scoops, flotation system configurations, and flotation biological systems (FBS) for conventional activated sludge process with sludge recycle are considered in the chapter. The case studies of FBS treatment systems in petrochemical industry effluent treatment, municipal effluent treatment, and paper manufacturing...
This chapter deals with processes for biosolids dewatering and septage treatment. Septage is the liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank or cesspool when it is cleaned. A selection of recent methods that show promising applications is presented. These include: Expressor Press, Som-A-System, CentriPress, screw press, Sun Sludge system, wedgewater bed, vacuum assisted bed, reed bed, biosolids...
The use of pure oxygen for activated sludge treatment has become competitive with the use of air owing to the development of efficient oxygen dissolution systems. The pure oxygen system may be used for aeration in activated sludge systems that operate in either the plug flow or complete mix hydraulic regimes. It is readily adaptable to new or existing complete mix systems and can be used to upgrade...
Biological technologies can be used to treat a vast majority of organic wastewaters because all organics could be biologically degraded if the proper microbial communities are established, maintained, and controlled. Before environmental engineers design and operate biological treatment systems that create the environment necessary for the effective treatment of wastewater, a sound understanding of...
The fundamental objective of all wastewater treatment operations is to remove undesirable constituents present in wastewater and consolidate these materials for further processing and disposal. Solids removed by wastewater treatment processes include screenings and grit, naturally floating materials called scum, and the removed solids from primary and secondary clarifiers called sewage sludge. This...
Aquaculture or the production of aquatic organisms (both flora and fauna) under controlled conditions has been practiced for centuries, primarily for the generation of food, fiber, and fertilizer. The water hyacinth and a host of other organisms like duckweed, seaweed, midge larvae, and alligator weeds are used for wastewater treatment. Water hyacinth system, wetland system, evapotranspiration system,...
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