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In this paper the coverage and capacity of SigFox, LoRa, GPRS, and NB-IoT is compared using a real site deployment covering 8000 km2 in Northern Denmark. Using the existing Telenor cellular site grid it is shown that the four technologies have more than 99 % outdoor coverage, while GPRS is challenged for indoor coverage. Furthermore, the study analyzes the capacity of the four technologies assuming...
In this simulation work the coverage of GPRS, Narrowband-IoT, LoRa, and SigFox is compared in a realistic scenario, covering 7800 km2 and using Telenor's commercial 2G, 3G, and 4G deployment. The target is to evaluate which of the four technologies provides the best coverage for Internet of Things devices, which may be located deep indoor. The results show that Narrowband-IoT, having the best Maximum...
In this measurement study the signal activity and power levels are measured in the European Industrial, Scientific, and Medical band 863-870 MHz in the city of Aalborg, Denmark. The target is to determine if there is any interference, which may impact deployment of Internet of Things devices. The focus is on the Low Power Wide Area technologies LoRa and SigFox. The measurements show that there is...
In this paper we analyze and discuss the coverage and capacity of Sigfox and LoRaWAN in a large scale urban environments covering 150 km$^2$ in Northern Denmark. First, the study measures and analyzes interference in the European 868 MHz license free industrial, scientific, and medical band, creating a model for the interference. The measured interference in downtown Aalborg has an occurrence rate...
The 5th generation of mobile networks is envisioned to unify different access types under one system in order to enable efficient and performant operations. We propose a radio network architecture for tight integration of multiple radio access technologies supporting traffic steering, link selection, and aggregation of traffic flows from and to different sources. This enables the radio network architecture...
In 3GPP, a narrowband system based on Long Term Evolution (LTE) is being introduced to support the Internet of Things. This system, named Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), can be deployed in three different operation modes — (1) stand-alone as a dedicated carrier, (2) in-band within the occupied bandwidth of a wideband LTE carrier, and (3) within the guard-band of an existing LTE carrier. In...
In 3GPP, a narrowband system based on Long Term Evolution (LTE) is being introduced to support the Internet of Things. This system, named Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), can be deployed in three different operation modes - (1) stand-alone as a dedicated carrier, (2) in-band within the occupied bandwidth of a wideband LTE carrier, and (3) within the guard-band of an existing LTE carrier. In...
With an expected broadband traffic volume growth of 1000x in the coming years, the need to provide coverage and capacity to the high rise buildings scenarios becomes a challenge for operators. Due to the difficulties in deploying their networks inside buildings, an outdoor alternative is needed. This paper investigates the usage of Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) uptilted macros pointing to the...
This paper studies the capability of Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) together with WiFi 802.11ac to accommodate the traffic growths of 80x, 500x and 1000x in a high rise building scenario. It provides a guideline on the configuration of the spectrum and the best deployment options for the evolution of the heterogeneous network in order to enhance the capacity for the coming years. The results...
The Internet of Things will bring billions of devices that are inter-connected using cellular networks. LTE cellular systems are being deployed worldwide and will remain in place for the foreseeable future. However, LTE was designed for high data-rate broadband services. Even with M2M features being added in LTE Rel-12, it is not optimized for low data-rate and wide area M2M services such as smart...
In the summer of 2013, a wideband propagation measurement campaign using rotating directional antennas at 73 GHz was conducted at the New York University (NYU) campus, in order to collect extensive field measurements for use in a millimeter wave (mmWave) E-band statistical channel model. While the measurement campaign provided over 50 Gigabytes of wideband power delay profiles and angular responses...
The case study in this paper compares various options for deploying picocells in a three-carrier LTE macrocell network in a suburban North American city. Beginning with a single carrier macrocell network on a 5 MHz FDD carrier in LTE band 25 (2 GHz), a 20 MHz TDD carrier in band 41 (2.6 GHz) is added to significantly increase capacity. An additional 5 MHz FDD carrier in band 26 (875 MHz) enhances...
In this paper, we examine the effectiveness of indoor femtocells at providing outdoor coverage in a suburban environment using a realistic macrocell deployment as the basis for the study. An uncoordinated deployment of indoor femtocells is randomly placed on a dedicated carrier and simulated for coverage and capacity. The coverage and capacity gains are found to depend on femtocell penetration. Femtocells...
In the wireless broadband network, most traffic are generated from indoor users. Meanwhile the indoor coverage is identified as the major bottleneck especially in dense urban environment with high-rising buildings. In this paper, the TD-LTE network downlink performance of indoor is studied with various network deployment options, including outdoor Macro cell, outdoor Micro cell, indoor distributed...
This paper studies indoor Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11ac deployment as a capacity expansion solution of LTE-A (Long Term Evolution-Advanced) network to achieve 1000 times higher capacity. Besides increasing the traffic volume by a factor of x1000, we also increase the minimum target user data rate to 10Mbit/s. The objective is to understand the performance and offloading capability of Wi-Fi 802.11ac at 5GHz...
Mobile network operators are facing a challenging dilemma. While on the one hand they are committed to reducing their carbon emissions, and energy consumption, they are also required to continuously upgrade existing networks, ensuring that the relentless growth in data traffic can still be supported. In most cases, these upgrades increase the energy consumption of the network even further. This paper...
A suburban North American city is used as the basis for comparing the relative effectiveness of deploying picocells or macrocells to meet burgeoning 4G traffic demand. The study starts with an existing macro deployment and employs detailed models to examine 3X and 5X traffic growth relative to the capacity of the current macro network. 3D building models are used to generate accurate pathloss planes...
This paper studies LTE (Long-Term Evolution)-Advanced heterogeneous network expansion in a dense urban environment for a 1000 times capacity increase and a 10 times increase of the minimum user data rate requirements. The radio network capacity enhancement via outdoor and indoor small cell densification and utilization of the higher frequency bands has been investigated. As the baseline, we assume...
In the wireless broadband network, most traffic are generated from indoor, and the indoor coverage is identified as the major bottleneck especially in dense urban environment with high-rising buildings. In this paper, the TD-LTE network downlink performance of indoor is studied with various deployment options, including outdoor Macro and Micro cell, indoor Femto cell and their combinations in a realistic...
The main objective of the paper is to investigate and compare the downlink performance of different LTE heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployment solutions. By adding small cells to the existing macro overlay, network coverage and capacity can be significantly enhanced to accommodate the fast growth of mobile broadband traffic. Emphasis is put on how to optimally assign the spectrum for the different...
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