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Self-awareness has been used in many research fields in order to add autonomy to computing systems. In automotive systems, we face several system layers that must be enriched with self-awareness to build truly autonomous vehicles. This includes functional aspects like autonomous driving itself, its integration on the hardware/software platform, and among others dependability, real-time, and security...
PCI Express (PCIe) Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) enables low latency and high performance virtualization of I/O devices. It has been embraced in cloud computing and is considered a promising foundation for sharing I/O in future multi-core embedded and mixed-criticality systems. Unfortunately, SR-IOV is vulnerable to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, which cause performance interference. For...
PCI Passthrough is an established x86 server technology for directly assigning PCIe devices to Virtual Machines (VMs). In combination with Single Root I/O Virtualization, which enables concurrent sharing of single physical PCIe I/O devices, PCI Passthrough enables low overhead and high performance I/O virtualization. Besides server environments, the combination is also a promising approach for sharing...
Communication requirements in automotive electronics are steadily increasing. To satisfy this demand and enable future automotive embedded architectures, new interconnect technologies are needed. Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Ethernet is a promising candidate to accomplish this as it features time-sensitive and synchronous communication in combination with high bit rates. However, there is a lack of...
Automotive embedded systems are highly complex and historically grown networks of single-core based control units. Due to space limitations and wiring complexity, the scalability of current architectures is limited. It can be overcome by consolidating multiple currently distributed functions onto shared multi-core platforms. Additionally, virtualization can be used to isolate these functions in separate...
Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) is an extension to the PCI Express (PCIe) standard that allows virtual machines (VMs) to directly access shared I/O devices without host involvement. This enabled SR-IOV to become the best-performing solution for virtual I/O to date, which lead to its commercial adoption, e.g., In the Amazon EC2. On the downside, a malicious VM can exploit the direct access...
Ethernet is a key technology to satisfy the communication requirements of future automotive embedded systems. Audio/Video Bridging (AVB) Ethernet is a set of IEEE standards that allows synchronous and time-sensitive communication. It is the favored candidate for backbone and camera applications, but is not expected to replace Controller Area Network (CAN). Instead, both have to coexist in future architectures...
The introduction of virtualized multi-core processors in automotive embedded systems opens up opportunities like safe consolidation of previously distributed electronic control units (ECUs) on a shared platform. On the other hand, challenges arise in areas like I/O processing due to overheads experienced in virtualized environments. Designs of I/O controllers have to be adjusted to allow efficient,...
An important trend in automotive CPS is the shift from federated to integrated IT architectures, where multiple functions are consolidated on shared electronic resources instead of distributed electronic control units (ECUs). It is driven by increasing complexity, cost and installation space requirements of todays architectures. However, side-by-side integration of mixed-criticality functions poses...
Electric/Electronic architectures in modern automobiles evolve towards an hierachical approach where functionalities from several ECUs are consolidated into few domain computers. Performance requirements directly lead to multicore solutions but also to a combination of very different requirements on such ECUs. Using virtualization in addition is one promising way of achieving segregation in time and...
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