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Distribution Automation (DA) is part of today's evolution of the distribution system. Many utilities already have some Distribution Automation applications (e.g., remote controlling of feeder switches and breakers, automatic reconfiguration, fault detection, fault location, voltage and reactive power control, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), etc.) and the trend is undeniable and expanding.
This paper addresses the security of transformer differential protection with low levels of second harmonic during magnetizing inrush conditions. The paper explains the phenomenon of ultrasaturation causing the second harmonic to drop below the traditional 15 to 20 percent setting levels and points to possible causes of and conditions for ultrasaturation. A number of field cases are presented and...
Line current differential (87L) protection relies on communications for the exchange of current values and, if applied over asymmetrical channels, on external time sources for current alignment. Proper engineering of 87L schemes calls for a backup strategy that considers the loss of communications and/or the loss of external time sources. This paper reviews various channel and time backup strategies...
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