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Although the batteries used in electric vehicles usually have a vehicle lifetime of 8-10 years, after this period they may still have significant capacity left for alternative uses. The secondary use of hybrid/electric vehicle batteries increases the overall value and provides opportunities for the use in charging stations, renewable energy integration and grid energy management. The application life...
For proper operation, fuel cell hybrid propulsion systems need an Energy Management Strategy (EMS). A variety of such EMSs have been presented in literature. This paper provides an overview of EMSs recently proposed in literature. It categorizes the EMSs to their theoretical background, their applicability to different electric topologies, the storage technology used and the considered vehicle type...
The objective of an energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid propulsion systems is to minimize the fuel needed to provide the required power demand. This minimization is defined as an optimization problem. Methods such as dynamic programming numerically solve this optimization problem. Strategies such as the equivalent consumption minimization strategy derive an analytical solution based on...
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