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System Efficient ESD Design (SEED) requires dynamic behavior models from the devices and circuitry used along the protection chain, typically from the discharge point of entry at the PCB boundary i.e. connector up to the circuits on-chip to be protected. In-between this path there may be external ESD protection i.e. voltage clamping together with parasitic layout effects, interconnect path delay with...
System Efficient ESD Design (SEED) [1] at present requires static response data from the devices and circuitry used along the protection chain, typically from the point of entry at the PCB boundary i.e. connector up to the circuit on-chip to be protected. On this path there may be external ESD protection i.e. voltage clamping, interconnect path delay with specific transmission line properties, package...
Many sensor designs incorporating electronics are becoming more vulnerable to low frequency (LF) magnetic field (H-fields) when used in close proximity of electrically driven actuators, linear and rotating motors. The complex geometrical structure of the sensor's front-end design is often unknown. The sensor's front-end position is where the physical measurement quantity is transferred into an electrical...
The frequency band from 2 to 150 kHz is used for most mains related power conversion applications, like uninterruptable power supplies (UPS), pulse width modulation (PWM) drives, active in-feed converters (AIC), switched mode power supplies (SMPS), solid state ballasts, LED drivers which are all polluting the domestic and industrial mains distribution networks. On the other hand, the same frequency...
Since the 1980-ties, the asymmetric mains impedances have been defined by IEC CISPR 16–1–2 [1] and used in an artificial mains network (AMN) suited in the frequency range (10) 150 kHz to 30 MHz. The mains impedance has recently been extended by the definition of asymmetric or common-mode artificial networks (AAN) and coupling/ decoupling networks (CDN) which are defined to be used in the frequency...
The necessity of using dedicated EMI-receivers and compliant spectrum analyzers with CISPR detectors is based on an outdated approach. The levels that people perceive from AM/FM radio reception and analogue modulated television broadcast signals as interference is taken as reference. In the meanwhile new detectors: C_AV and C_RMS have been defined of which the software algorithm is patented which,...
In IEC CISPR 16-4-2 [1, 2] tight impedance requirements are given for artificial mains networks (AMN). Unfortunately, these tight requirements will support measurement uncertainty but still not guarantee low compliance uncertainty if the whole test set-up, up to the port of the equipment being tested, is not taken into account. In this paper the impact of the design of the AMN as well as the mains...
Most often, it is unclear where assembled PCBs are going to be used in and how these are being connected and applied. As such, it will be required, both for the OEM manufacturer as well as the end-user/system integrator, to know the EMC properties prior to system integration. EMC is, aside power integrity (PI) and signal integrity (SI), one of the crucial requirements to be met to ensure functional...
The design of power distribution networks (PDNs) on printed circuit board (PCB) structures, or even on interconnect structures inside IC packages, typically results, with or without decoupling capacitors added, in a network full of impedance resonances. These resonances functionally hamper fast digital and RF designs from several MHz up to the GHz-range onwards and are the root cause for many EMC...
Though the automotive RF emission and RF immunity requirements are highly justifiable, the application of those requirements in an non-intended manner leads to false conclusions and unnecessary redesigns for the electronics involved. When the test results become too dependent upon the test set-up itself, inter-laboratory comparison as well as the search for design solutions and possible correlation...
In-situ EMC testing is, for large fixed systems and installations within the scope of the European EMC Directive, not a primary requirement other than unintended RF emissions may not affect intended radio frequency communication services, like the requirements of IEC/EN 55011 outside the end-user's premises. Whatever happens on the premises of the industrial end-user is a matter of negotiations and...
With nanometre scaling, the amount of transistors per 100 square millimetre will increase following Moore's Law. The maximum power will, without additional cooling, be limited to a few watt whereas the on- and off-chip clock and data speeds will increase further. To accommodate this, the core supply voltages are reduced further down to below 1 volt as where the peripheral supply voltages will have...
Using spread spectrum clocking techniques with digital systems is quite commonly used to reduce RF emission at the higher harmonics, this to fulfill the existing EMC regulations. Results have been reported frequently. However, with analogue interfaces, fixed frequency sampling is still in place for the sake of signal reconstruction and processing algorithms. In this paper the use of discrete spread...
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