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As PCB signal speeds increase, the signal's current path switches from the path of least impedance to the path of least inductance. This path of least inductance is what is commonly known as the "skin effect" whereby an AC signal primarily flows nearer to the outside surfaces of a copper conductor rather than through the entire cross section of the conductor. As frequencies increase, the...
The short-pulse propagation (SPP) time-domain technique is shown to be able to easily account for the inhomogeneities found in typical printed-circuit-board wiring. SPP is used to generate broadband predictive models for differential lines with different glass-fiber-to-epoxy-resin ratios and also for the soldermask layers used on top and bottom of typical boards. In both cases, a two-step extraction...
The importance of increased accuracy in modeling and characterization of printed-circuit board wiring is highlighted through practical examples. Recommendations are given regarding model causality, bandwidth, measurement methodology improvement for both production-level and off-line monitoring of impedance, roughness, and dielectric loss and their significance for system design, performance, delivery,...
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