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The Southern Ocean is a unique body of water which surrounds Antarctica. Unlike its polar counterpart the Arctic Ocean, the Southern Ocean is not ice bound for much of the year. Because the Southern Ocean is relatively open to the effects of ocean currents and prevailing winds, both pack ice and icebergs have a large area within which they can disperse. In total, 85 per cent of Antarctic pack ice...
The legal framework for ocean and coastal management in Australia is created by both international law and Australian constitutional law. In1994 the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entered into force, thereby giving legitimacy to a wide range of maritime claims. Australia ratified the Convention in 1994 and at the same time declared for the first time a contiguous zone and exclusive...
During 1994 Australia took two significant actions in relation to its maritime claims. On 1 August it declared a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and on 5 October it ratified the UNCLOS. The declaration of the EEZ was the final stage in a lengthy process which reflects the impact of federalism and international developments in the management of Australia's offshore areas. This article...
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