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The millennium has been widely regarded as a time to take stock among other things, of the planet and its relationships with the people who inhabit it. Why this should be so is not always clear, apart from an apparent fixation with counting years. Further, the fact that the counting itself is based on the origins of the Christian religion is, for many, not of primary significance. Even if it is, counting...
The origins of this chapter lie with the 28th International Geographical Congress in Den Haag in 1996. The Congress was remarkable for its emphasis on the sea, not least because of the location in Den Haag, and the strong and well known maritime tradition of the Dutch hosts. The sea ranked equal with the land and human effort in the Congress title — some 31 Programme items were directly concerned...
This chapter is based on a paper presented at a conference on The Oceans at the Millennium, held at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich in April 2000, but has been updated to 6 February 2002.
Maritime boundary delimitation began in earnest soon after World War Two as the quest for hydrocarbon resources extended progressively offshore. In the half century since 1950 rather more than one third of the world’s potential international maritime boundaries have been agreed. Estimates of the potential number vary somewhat, but in 2000 it was approximately 430. The number has risen in recent years...
The relationship between geography and strategy has always existed; geography is at the beginning of the strategic objective which implies taking into consideration an environment, a setting, a place and the use of those characteristics integrated in operative decisions; but from the point of view here studied, there are also differences. Marine strategy deals with the nation’s security and prosperity;...
World maritime traffic at the end of this millennium is more than 5 billion tons of goods transported by a merchant fleet of about 38,500 ships of more than 300gt. A real revolution in sea transport has seen over the past 40 years an increase in the size of ships, their specialised character including the unitisation of general goods by containerisation and roll-on — roll-off techniques. In the limited...
This chapter explores the offshore oil and gas industry at the turn of the millennium, identifying the major geographical patterns and trends. It discusses the major reasons behind these trends and what lies in store for the first decade of the next century. A temporal perspective is adopted, with the chapter not only representing a ‘snap-shot’ in time, but also drawing on an analysis of past trends...
The end of the 20thcentury is the culmination of a period of sustained growth in catches for the fishing industry resulting from a model of industrial development which quickly gained ground after the end of the Second World War.
We are fortunate to be alive at an unique time in history. The beginning of the third millennium is a natural point at which we should pause, look back and consider many things. The increasing influence that humans and our activities have had on the health and functioning of our planet is one of those things. When considering this, one of the issues of significance is the important role that oceans,...
The earliest maritime civilisations recognised the relative ease of disposing of wastes at sea. However, it was the rapid industrialisation and urbanisation of the nineteenth century and associated concerns over sanitation and health issues, which saw the development of sewage collection systems on a vast scale1, and which established the offshore disposal route as a bone fideoption for modern society...
In 1960, Rachel Carson wrote “Although man’s record as a steward of the natural resources of the earth has been a discouraging one, there has long been a certain comfort in the belief that the sea, at least was inviolate, beyond man’s ability to change and to despoil. But this belief, unfortunately, has proved to be naïve”. 1 Over three decades later, Norse 2 identified five major threats to marine...
The North Atlantic is one of the world’s most utilised ocean bodies, most strategic militarily and commercially, and one of the most marine-resource rich. The North Pacifiic is probably its closest rival in these respects. The North Atlantic has a rich history of political and economic development both among its littoral states and in comparison with other ocean regions around the world. With the...
The Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea occupy some three million square kilometres of marine space. They are supposed to be relics of the ancient Tethys ocean, whose creation dates back to 225 million years ago (Triassic period, Mesozoic era), and whose compression is thought to have initiated 38 million years ago (Oligocene period, Cenozoic era) because of the colliding shift of African and Euro-Asian...
Northeast Asia 1 is almost unique for its lack of regional institutions. Bilateralism dominates both political and economic relations. Indeed the region is remarkable for “its combination of several quite highly industrialized societies, with a regional international society so impoverished in its development that it compares poorly with even Africa and the Middle East.” 2 This impoverishment reflects...
A stock phrase “growing importance of so-and-so in the future century” can be to the largest extent applied to the Arctic Ocean. It essentially stems from its extreme geographical location, resulting from it harsh natural conditions and, subsequently, relatively low status of studies, development and involvement in economic activity. Its vast resources remain unused and even undiscovered.
The Southern Ocean is a unique body of water which surrounds Antarctica. Unlike its polar counterpart the Arctic Ocean, the Southern Ocean is not ice bound for much of the year. Because the Southern Ocean is relatively open to the effects of ocean currents and prevailing winds, both pack ice and icebergs have a large area within which they can disperse. In total, 85 per cent of Antarctic pack ice...
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