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RPL is an IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) designed to meet the requirements of a wide range of LLN applications including smart grid AMIs, industrial and environmental monitoring, and wireless sensor networks. RPL allows bi-directional end-to-end IPv6 communication on resource constrained LLN devices, leading to the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) with thousands...
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a cluster of sensor nodes where each sensor node has capability to monitor, measure and disseminates the data to the neighboring node. Collected data is normally forwarded to base station for analysis and processing. Many protocols for network with static sink are available in literature. However, WSN with mobile sink(s) is the contemporary research issue amongst...
Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging network control paradigm focused on logical centralization and programmability. At the same time, distributed routing protocols, most notably OSPF and IS-IS, are still prevalent in IP networks, as they provide shortest path routing, fast topological convergence after network failures, and, perhaps most importantly, the confidence based on decades of...
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is an exponential growing technology in today's modern computing era. Vehicle are peers of peer to peer network. All vehicles are having mobility. In this paper we have presented an evaluation of routing protocols AODV, DSDV and DSR on basis of test performance metrics like generated packets, received packets, dropped packets, average end to end delay, average throughput,...
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less and decentralized network which need a robust routing protocol. With the development of the MANET applications, more importance is given to Quality of Service (QoS) routing strategy. However mobility and congestion of the nodes lead to frequent link failures and packet losses affecting the QoS performance of the protocol. Taking these factors...
Cognitive radio technology has been proposed as a solution to problem of spectrum scarcity which aims to improve the spectrum resource utilization. Furthermore, cognitive radio ad hoc network (CRA HN) is proposed as an ad hoc network of cognitive radio enabled mobile devices. Cognitive radio senses all available channels and on the selection basis, tunes transmitter and receiver for communication...
In wireless ad-hoc network, all nodes work with the predefined limited battery power. It is difficult to select the path from source to destination considering both the parameters i.e. Less energy consumption and shortest path at the same time. This paper proposes a novel strategy that approach tries to account for energy efficient path with the minimum number of hops using a priority to check between...
Wireless sensor networks accommodate an oversized range of nodes with restricted battery power. As networks of those nodes are sometimes deployed unattended, network lifetime becomes a very important concern. Also estimating the lifetime accurately is a problem. Existing methods provide lifetime estimation technique using current consumption and battery capacity as impact factors. It failed to provide...
Several routing protocols in MANET have been proposed which emphasize on optimal route discovery without considering security. Several trust metrics have been proposed for trust calculation such as packet forwarding rate, receiving rate, packet misrouted and so on. However, they only show their efficiency in static scenarios. To deal with the mobility factor, an attempt has been made to find a suitable...
Cognitive Radio (CR) is viewed as a revolutionary potential radio technology capable of offering dynamic spectrum access. CR Networks (CRNs) with such spectrum aware devices is a hopeful solution to the spectrum scarcity issue in wireless communication sector. In this paper, an effective routing solution with a cross layer design is proposed for the multi-hop CRNs. Most of the existing work uses Ad-hoc...
A new kind of wireless multi-hop network architecture called Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has recently attracted much attention. In this paper, we propose congestion aware multipath routing protocol called EAOMDV-LB for multi-radio multiple interface wireless mesh networks (WMN). The protocol calculates multiple paths using proposed airtime congestion aware (ACA) metric and performs load balancing...
This paper proposes LIBR, a routing protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks specially designed for linear topologies, i.e., topologies in which nodes are placed following a well-defined line-based pattern. This kind of topology may arise, for example, in power transmission lines, pipelines, roads, and railway lines. By exploring the intrinsic characteristics of these linear topologies, LIBR can achieve...
In this paper, we argue that by carefully considering spatial reusability of the wireless communication media, we can tremendously improve the end-to-end throughput in multi-hop wireless networks. To support our argument, we propose spatial reusability-aware single-path routing (SASR) and anypath routing (SAAR) protocols, and compare them with existing single-path routing and anypath routing protocols,...
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) are considered as robust architecture to provide reliable connectivity to fixed and mobile users. The redundant infrastructure provided by WMN can be efficiently utilized using multipath routing. However, the performance gain of multipath routing mainly depends on efficient path selection protocols. The omni-directional wireless medium, unstable link quality and mutual...
Forwarding strategy is the key feature of Named Data Networking (NDN) to realize dynamic, adaptive and intelligent forwarding, but work in this area is still at a very preliminary stage. In this paper, selecting which forwarding interface among multiple alternatives in NDN is defined as a multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problem and a maximizing deviation based probabilistic forwarding (MDPF)...
Routing algorithm can significantly impact network performance. Routing in a network containing heterogeneous nodes differs from routing in a network with homogeneous nodes. If the routing algorithm is designed to fit less powerful nodes, the resources of more powerful nodes are wasted and network performance can be degraded. If the routing algorithm is developed to suit more powerful nodes, less...
We propose a primary user-aware k-hop routing scheme that can be plugged into any cognitive radio network routing protocol to adapt, in real time, to the environmental changes. The main use of this scheme is to make the compromise required between the route overhead and its optimality based on a user-defined utility function. We analytically derive the optimal discovery radius (k) that achieves this...
In the same autonomous system, the routers get the information for routing which is disseminated by the OSPF and EIGRP which are the members of Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP). In this paper, we are comparing the dynamic routing protocols OSPF and EIGRP in different IP schema (IPV4 and IPV6). The comparison is necessary because while designing a network it is important to choose a suitable protocol...
Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard for IPv6 routing in Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). By using the Objective Function (OF) and a collection of routing metrics, it can build a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG). There are two kinds of OFs specified by the IETF, Objective Function Zero (OF0) and Minimum...
The communication network supporting Smart Grid applications must minimize the time that messages cannot be delivered and thus find alternative paths rapidly. At the same time, the control overhead in normal operation should be limited and not interfere with the data traffic. Hence the routing protocol for such networks has to trade-off these two conflicting goals. One of the candidate routing protocols...
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