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Schizophrenia is a major brain-related mental disorder. Many genes are likely associated with schizophrenia; their gene-gene interactions as well as gene-environment interactions may contribute as a major risk to the disorder. Rather than the traditional studies of single gene or marker, in this study we hypothesized that positional candidate genes under linkage peaks may play a major role in causing...
Objective: By analyzing the effect of natural cerebrolysin (NC) on gene expression profile of rat hippocampus Alzheimer's disease (AD), to explore its molecular genetic pharmacodynamic mechanism of anti-AD. Methods: The experiment included the AD model, sham-operation and NC treated group. The changes of hippocampus gene expression profiles in the above three groups were analyzed by Affymetrix rat...
The objective of this study is to establish a cellular model for investigating the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and it's risk factors. The full length cDNA fragment of Swedish-type mutated APP695 (APP695sw) was amplified by PCR and ligated into pcDNA3.1(+) vector to construct the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-APP695sw. The SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-APP695sw...
The amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) plays a central pathophysiological role in Alzheimer's disease, but virtually nothing is known about the concentration and dynamics of this secreted peptide in the extracellular space of the human brain. We used intracerebral microdialysis to obtain serial brain interstitial fluid (ISF) samples in 18 patients who were undergoing invasive intracranial monitoring after...
The activity of mid brain dopamine (DA) neurons resembles the reward prediction error signal of the temporal difference (TD) model. Dopamine acting at D1 receptor activates adenylate cyclase through the coupling of D1 receptors with Gs/olf. The complex of adenylate cyclase activates and increases the intracellular levels of cAMP and thereby stimulating cAMP dependent protein kinase and increasing...
The mechanisms of microgravity effect on the nervous system are largely unknown, but understanding such mechanism becomes increasingly important as space exploration continues and mission duration increases. Rat tail suspension experiment is a common method to simulate the microgravity effect. In this study, the tail suspension model was established firstly. Then the O18-labeling quantitative proteomic...
Amino acid mutations in several proteins are reported to cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) , a devastating neurodegenerative disease with uncertain etiology. To study the genotype-phenotype relationship in ALS and to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanism of this disease, all the known ALS associated amino acid mutations happened at five enzymes are collected and analyzed with...
PingYu capsule was a novel compound botanical drug, being composed of the extracts from Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng, Fructus Jujubae and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, which were the classical herbal medicines in China. Depression is one of psychological and/or physiological disorders. In the recent decades, depression affected the people's health seriously. This study was designed to demonstrate the...
We show several applications for a unique method for creating user-friendly, micropatterned substrates for neuron and cell culture. With neurons, we demonstrated that our micropatterns can separate cell bodies and axons while organizing them in orderly arrays for easy experimentation. These micropatterned neuron cultures also persisted for weeks, enabling maturation and development of presynaptic...
The precise wiring of the nervous system is made possible by a complex navigation map created by attractive and repulsive biochemical cues, which guide the axons to their final targets. In order to unravel the mechanisms directing the growth and guidance of axons, we have designed an open-chamber mammalian-neuron-benign microfluidic platform that allows us to subject dissociated single neurons in...
A new technique for preparing double layer polyurethane (PU)-collagen nerve conduits for peripheral nerve repair via a double-nozzle low-temperature deposition manufacturing (DLDM) system has been developed. The DLDM system is based on a digital prototyping approach, and uses a combination of thermally induced phase separation and freeze-drying. With this system, two kinds of biomaterials with different...
A laser speckle imaging (LSI) technique, with high spatio-temporal resolution, is presented for studying cerebrovascular response to stimulation. LSI is evaluated in a rodent model of cerebrovascular activity, in a model of migraine, by eliciting functional response to brain trigeminal nerve stimulation. The specific haemodynamic response, including deoxy-hemoglobin saturation and blood flow responses...
The discovery that neurons can be photostimulated via genetic incorporation of artificial opsins offers potential for many new forms of neural prosthesis. In this work, we demonstrate a photostimulator which has both the irradiance requirement and the spatial resolution for retinal prosthesis. We characterise its electrical and optical properties and show its ability to accurately stimulate individual...
The neurotrophic effects of Nerve growth factor (NGF) on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are well established. However, its potential actions as a fast-acting neuromodulator and the related receptor are not as well understood. The aim of this study is to investigate NGF-induced spatiotemporal neuronal activity changes in cultured rat organotypic hippocampal slices (OHCs), using a multielectrode...
In this study, we investigated the application of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to neural tissue engineering. hESCs were differentiated to neural progenitor cells and cultured on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microfibers. PLGA microfibers were prepared by using a microfluidic spinning system and aligned in parallel manner by winding the nascent fibers around a rotating frame. Neural progenitor...
In this paper, the shape of the Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SEP) signals is analyzed to detect a focal lesion in the spinal cord of rats. SEPs can be used to reliably assess the spinal cord integrity. However traditional time-domain analysis often needs human intervention because of common difficulty in SEP peak detection due to low signal-to-noise ratio or flattening of SEPs during injury. We...
We have demonstrated in vivo three-dimensional imaging and estimated localized and quantitative hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) of blood vessel by using a simple, easy to operate common-path Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. The common-path OCT system can be easily integrated with various surgical tools and we demonstrated its usefulness by imaging outer and inner intraocular...
Action potential generation and propagation is a critical parameter in the function of a neuronal network. The SCN1A voltage-gated sodium channel is an axonal protein crucial to action potential functionality. Here we have demonstrated the expression of a series of SCN1A genes in HEK 293 and primary neuronal cultures. The genes consist of a wildtype SCN1A as well as two point-mutation sequences. Expression...
Malignant glioma, the most common type of primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer, has consistently proven unresponsive to chemotherapy. This is due partly to the physiological barriers in place to protect the brain from outside infection and partly due to the changes in gene expression that typify pathogenesis in glioma. One example of such a change in gene expression is the constitutive activation...
In this brief paper we present an overview of the TSC-mTOR pathway and its importance in neurodegenerative disease (ND). We illustrate the influence of ND on dendritic spine morphology. Then we discuss some details of functional gene networks (FGN) and use this information to propose an image driven systems biology approach for the construction of a FGN for ND. We conclude on its importance and the...
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