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Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has enabled fabrication at nanoscale. We have fabricated 500 nm spaced metal electrodes on silicon chips to selectively capture and detect R2Bm protein molecules. The protein is captured using a dsDNA chemically attached on the SiO2 surface between the electrodes. Surface functionalization and protein-DNA interaction is characterized for specific...
The importance of developing methods in which certain materials can be introduced into a group of cells has been gaining considerable attention. However, owing to safety concerns accompanying the use of conventional viral-vector-based transfection and the low efficiency of plasmid-vector-based transfection, the development of a high performance nonbiological method has been expected. Currently available...
Bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor is geared by a six-pRNA ring. pRNA is able to form a multimeric complex and patterned superstructures via the interaction of two reengineered interlocking loops. This unique feature makes it an ideal polyvalent vehicle for nanomachine fabrication, pathogen detection, and the delivery of therapeutics. This report describes novel approaches for the fabrication...
Plasmon-resonant gold nanorods have been examined as multifunctional agents for imaging and photoactivated therapies. Au nanorods can be imaged with single-particle sensitivity by two-photon luminescence (TPL) when excited by pulsed NIR laser irradiation, and have been detected in vivo while passing through blood vessels at subpicomolar concentrations. TPL imaging can also be used to characterize...
The recent years have been marked by a surge of interdisciplinary collaborations among scientists, engineers, researchers, and medical practitioners focused on solving complex problems in medicine and related fields. These activities have resulted in the development of bio-inspired silicon, neural prosthetics, image processing systems, sensors and intravenous drug delivery devices that support diagnosis,...
Nanotopographic structures occur naturally within the extracellular matrix of many tissues, influencing a wide range of properties through mechanotransductive interactions. Synthetic cell-nanotopography interactions have been explored as a way of controlling cell behaviors including orientation, adhesion, migration, proliferation and cytoskeletal organization. Until recently these processes have been...
We present fundamental principals and features of novel approaches in biophotonics and nanobiophotonics field for biomedical applications with spatial resolution beyond the diffraction barrier in the subwavelength (below 100 nm) nanoscale range.
It is now a common consensus that in-depth understanding of biological systems requires robust and systematic quantification of their spatiotemporal characteristics. This endeavour has been significantly enlightened over the past decades thanks to the numerous advances in fluorescent probes, labeling techniques and microscopy systems. It is likewise a consensus that more powerful and specific signal/image...
Worldwide, cancers are the leading causes of human mortality. To successfully treat advanced-stage cancers, it is important to increase cytotoxicity of targeted tumor cells while reducing side effects on normal cells during radiotherapy. Nanotechnology provides a promising solution to achieve this targeted treatment[1-3]. An ideal strategy is to develop effective nanoscale radio-sensitizers targeting...
In this brief paper we present an overview of the TSC-mTOR pathway and its importance in neurodegenerative disease (ND). We illustrate the influence of ND on dendritic spine morphology. Then we discuss some details of functional gene networks (FGN) and use this information to propose an image driven systems biology approach for the construction of a FGN for ND. We conclude on its importance and the...
The proposed sensor interface minimizes the optical detection system size while maximizing its overall efficiency (both power and sensitivity) of a multi-stage microfluidic cell sorter system. The proposed SigmaDelta sensor interface achieves at least one order of magnitude higher sensitivity while consuming less power (2mW) as compared to the traditional operational amplifier based transimpedance...
Segmentation of density maps obtained using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a challenging task, and is typically accomplished by time-intensive interactive methods. The goal of segmentation is to identify the regions inside the density map that correspond to individual components. We present a multi-scale segmentation method for accomplishing this task that requires very little user interaction...
This paper reports on our recent development of two-types of all-fiber-optic scanning endomicroscopy technologies for high-resolution optical imaging of internal organs. The first one is an OCT balloon catheter technology that permits systematic imaging of fine architectural morphologies of internal luminal organs over a large area. The second is a two-photon fluorescence endomicroscopy technology...
Techniques for rapid and automated small-animal manipulation and immobilization are necessary for high-throughput in vivo genetic/drug screens using cellular and sub-cellular features in multicellular organisms. We present a suite of technologies for complex high-throughput whole-animal genetic and drug screens. We demonstrate a high-speed microfluidic sorter that can isolate and immobilize Caenorhabditis...
Microscale technologies are emerging as enabling tools for tissue engineering and biology. Here, we present our experience in developing microscale technologies to regulate cell-microenvironment interactions and generate engineered tissues. Specifically, we will describe the use of microengineered shape-controlled hydrogels to generate biomimetic 3D tissue architectures, the utility of surface patterning...
A fixed-fixed beam nano structure has been presented and it has been shown that it can be used as a mass sensor. Successful operation of this device in liquid can be used to make a bio-sensor useful for life sciences. In this paper an equivalent circuit for the device has been proposed with the percentage error in frequency and bandwidth response found to be 2.3% and 18.3% respectively. Similar steps...
An overview of the latest efforts in integrated polarization imaging sensors are presented. We describe two approaches for creating focal plane polarization imaging sensors. The first approach combines polymer polarization filters with CMOS active pixel sensor and computes polarization information at the focal plane. The second approach outlines our initial work on polarization filters using aluminum...
A use of auditory brainstem response in auditory disorder diagnosis is investigated in this paper leading to a proposed characterization method of the human auditory system. A modified nonlinear continuous time Hopfield neural type system is able to model the system yielding the simulated response in good agreement with the measured one. Both Simulink and PSpice simulation are investigated as well...
Currently, there are no widely used methods of optically recording rapid electrical events over a wide cortical area in freely moving animals. This paper presents an image sensor for recording electrical activity of large regions (4-9 mm2) of the nervous tissue at high speeds (> 500 Hz) using voltage sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) in freely moving animals. Each 75 mum x 75 mum pixel consists of a...
Gastroenterologists using wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) extract valuable information regarding the health condition of the intestine. WCE produces, however, near 50,000 frames that have to be examined. In this paper a registration methodology is presented to reduce the amount of frames, which are the same or similar. It utilizes a segmentation scheme and a graph method to register similar regions...
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