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One of the exigent problems in wireless sensor networks is the recognition of network boundary and the detection of holes within the network. In this paper, we propose an algorithm in which every node in the network self-detects whether it is a boundary node or an inner node by utilizing the available connectivity information and making no assumptions about the location awareness. The algorithm is...
In this paper, we introduce a novel routing algorithm which is based on ant colony system. The objective of this novel algorithm is to solve the problem of energy and congestion control on wireless sensor network routing process. This novel algorithm is able to achieve better load balance and prolong the network lifetime. In this novel algorithm we combine the pheromone released by multi-ant colonies...
Wireless microsensor networks usually consist of a large number of small sensor nodes with limited onboard energy supply and deployed densely in a given area for information harvesting purposes. To reduce energy consumption and prolong network lifetime, clustering techniques are often used, among which the grid-based ones are very popular due to their simplicity and scalability. In this paper, we...
One of the main challenges for a sensor network is conserving the available energy at each sensor node and then prolonging the network lifetime. Many energy efficient/conserving routing protocols have been proposed to the issue; however, the ldquofunnelling effectrdquo in multi-hop communications which describes the convergence of data traffic towards the static sinks (Base Stations) remains a major...
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is constructed by many energy-constrained nodes. Leach is a cluster based and energy-efficient routing protocol for WSN. In the clusters of Leach, single-hop transmissions are adopted. In this paper, a routing scheme combining multi-hop transmissions and single-hop transmissions in the clusters is proposed. The energy consumption of the single-hop transmissions as well...
Many routing protocols have been proposed for sensor networks where energy awareness and reliability are essential design issues. This paper proposes an energy-aware data gathering method called energy-aware tree routing (ETR) in wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme relates to reliable and energy efficient data routing by selecting a data transmission path in consideration of residual energy...
Wearable computers need networking by using wireless ad hoc network in order to utilize them more effectively, routing protocol becomes an important research field for its significance in wireless ad hoc network. In Ad Hoc network, there are mainly two kinds of routing protocols: proactive routing protocol and on-demand routing protocol, to evaluate the performance of two kinds of protocols, we choose...
The lifetime of a wireless network is significantly affected by the energy consumed on data transmission. One approach which allows reduction of the transmission energy consumption is the new networking paradigm - the delay tolerant networks (DTNs). The topology of DTNs consists of nodes with short transmission range, thus allowing the reduction of energy consumption. However, this short transmission...
In a wireless sensor network, the routing control overhead is prohibitive because mostly many nodes are involved in routing. To overcome the overhead problem, tier based anycast protocol was proposed in (Kulkarni et al., 2006). However, it has a shortcoming of using much more energy compared to other competitors of deterministic routing protocols in transmitting data packets towards the sink node...
This paper addressed the difficulties and challenges facing the wireless sensor networks on the battlefield cased by misdirection attack. WSNs is often vulnerable to attackerpsilas either in the routing or forwarding data and attempt to consume a lot of energy by sending a large quantity of useless packets. The main objective of the intruder is to misdirect the incoming messages to increase the latency,...
An energy-balanced reliable routing metric method based on ETX was proposed, which aimed at the limited energy and the special requirement of transmission reliability for wireless sensor network. This method improves the ETX routing metric method. It avoids the data packets transmit along the lower energy path, and selects the path which has more surplus energy. Thus, it makes the energy of the nodes...
Sink mobility has become an increasingly important requirement of various sensor network applications. Handling such mobile sink conditions brings new challenges to large-scale sensor networking. This investigation proposed a hybrid-structure routing protocol (HSRP) that combines the benefits of grid-based and cluster-based structures. Grid-based structure is designed to solve the cluster head selection...
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