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A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of thousands of tiny sensor nodes having the capability of wireless communication, limited computation and sensing. In this paper, all the components of a sensor node are discussed in brief. Also, a comparison of two routing protocols Flooding and Directed Diffusion on the basis of throughput, energy consumption and network lifetime is presented.
In this paper we address the problem of designing adaptive epidemic-style forwarding mechanisms for message delivery in Delay Tolerant Networks. Our approach is based on a new analytical framework for multi-agent optimization through distributed subgradient methods. We investigate how this framework can be adapted to the considered networking problem and perform a preliminary evaluation, which shows...
Wireless sensor networks have been proposed as a promising technology employed for tracking target and observing environment. Since the targets and sinks could move anywhere at any time, how to efficiently trace the positions of targets and sinks and route the sensing data from the targets to the sinks poses significant design challenges of a well-behavior routing scheme in WSNs. Moreover, sensor...
We describe a Fast Delivery Guaranteed Face Routing (FDGF) in ad hoc wireless networks. Since it is expensive for wireless nodes to get the whole network topology information, geometric routing decisions should be made locally by nodes using location information of neighboring nodes which are at most k hops away. In this paper, we first define k-local algorithm and obtain two local geometric graphs,...
In WSNs, energy efficiency and low latency are considered as two key issues in designing routing protocol. This paper proposes a two layer hierarchical routing protocol called chain routing based on coordinates-oriented clustering strategy (CRBCC), which gives a good compromise between energy consumption and delay. First, CRBCC makes balanced clustering according to y coordinates where each cluster...
Researching on delay tolerant networks is an emerging field. Many researchers are dedicated to the approach of the routing algorithms and its applications. With sufficient energy in the core-nodes in the networks, a nested source spray and wait routing algorithm, which is ameliorated from source spray and wait routing algorithm, has been put forward in this paper. The simulation results indicate that...
The existing routing protocols designed for real-time multimedia applications in sensor networks adopt comparatively simple routing models where fewer service metrics are considered. Furthermore, for the sake of route discovery or the acquisition of a target location, they usually need extra locating equipments or beacon exchanges to construct a coordinate system for each sensor node, which imports...
In WSNs, energy efficiency and low latency are considered as two key issues in designing routing protocol. This paper proposes two schemes to combine clustering strategy with chain routing algorithm in order to satisfy both energy and delay constraints in WSNs. The first scheme makes use of clustering strategy, direct transmission inside cluster, and chain routing among cluster-heads. The second scheme...
Mobile sinks are used widely in wireless sensor networks to balance the load among sensors and improve the network lifetime. But, the data transmission delay becomes larger while mobile sinks are used. Although using a static sink has shorter lifetime than a mobile sink, it can get a relatively lower transmission delay. In order to balance the lifetime and the transmission delay of a wireless sensor...
In this paper, we propose a novel routing model that can comprehensively depict multiple service requirements in multimedia sensor networks, and on the basis of this model, we design a new multi-constrained routing algorithm MCRA for multimedia communications. MCRA not only can provide end-to-end delay and packet loss ratio guarantees, but also can optimize and balance the energy consumption in sensor...
Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new routing protocols specifically designed for sensor networks. Almost, all these routing protocols considered energy efficiency as the objective in order to maximize the whole network lifetime. However, the introduction of video and imaging sensors has introduced additional challenges. Transmission of these flows requires both energy and...
Enabling real time applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) demands certain delay and bandwidth requirements which pose more challenges in the design of networking protocols. Therefore, enabling such applications in this type of networks requires energy and Quality of Service (QoS) awareness in different layers of the protocol stack. In many of these applications (such as multimedia applications,...
Wireless sensor network (WSN) have recently been extensively deployed and researched. They are composed of a high number of small and simple nodes where most of them have to function as a router in an ad hoc manner. Because of limited energy sources in sensor network node, routing protocols should save the energy as much as possible. Energy consumption has a direct influence on network lifetime. From...
In this paper, we propose a new cross layer technique to design a joint MAC and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. A wireless sensor network is characterized by the limited energy resource, many-to-one communication pattern, self-organization and etc. which make its protocol design different from other wireless network. In the other hand, due to wide area of wireless sensor network applications,...
Interference in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) not only causes packet loss and delay, but also leads to excessive energy consumption. It is necessary to alleviate interference in order to improve transmission and energy efficiencies. To achieve this objective, an interference-aware cross-layer design, called interference-aware routing (IAR) protocol, is proposed. Unlike existing contention-based...
Energy saving is one of the important tasks in wireless communication due to the limited battery attached to the mobile devices. This paper has two parts. In the first part, we give a localized algorithm for constructing the Voronoi diagram with the given set of nodes in wireless networks. In the later part, an energy efficient network architecture for wireless networks using Voronoi diagram is described...
Geographic Routing (GR) algorithms are increasedly studied in ad-hoc wireless networks, and energy efficiency is of particular interest. Among the existing GR algorithms, the Most Forward within Radius (MFR) algorithm selects the next hop node as far as possible from the source node to minimise the network delay time while the energy consumption is not considered. The Nearest Forward Progress (NFP)...
Over 500 million host computers, three billion PCs and mobile devices consume over a billion kilowatts of electricity. As part of this ldquosystemrdquo computer networks consume an increasing amount of energy, and help reduce energy expenditure from other sources through e-work, e-commerce and e-learning. Traditionally, network design seeks to minimise network cost and maximise quality of service...
Interference in wireless ad hoc networks not only causes packet loss and delay, but also leads to excessive energy consumption. It is necessary to mitigate interference in order to improve transmission and energy efficiencies. To achieve this objective, a cross-layer routing (XLR) protocol for performance optimization is proposed. Unlike existing routing protocol, the XLR protocol employs introduced...
How to determine the source-visiting sequence among the target sensor nodes and manage the mobile agent (MA) effectively is the crucial problem in Mobile-Agent-based computing model for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we propose a novel improved Directed Diffusion-based MA mechanism (IDDMA) for WSNs. IDDMA uses an improved gradient generation algorithm to set up multiple optimal gradients...
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