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Dynamic phenomena such as oil spills, mud flow, diffusion or leakage of gases in the environment are characterized by non-deterministic variations in shape, size and direction of motion. Due to the absence of any well defined model for tracking their dynamics, the detection and tracking of such phenomena through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is very challenging. Most of the existing works consider...
Duty cycling is often used to reduce the energy consumption caused by idle listening in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Most studies on WSN protocols define a common duty cycle value throughout the network to achieve synchronization among the nodes. On the other hand, a few studies propose adaptation of the duty cycle according to uniform traffic conditions, which is beneficial assuming one-to-one...
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard was developed for the purpose of media access control of low power wireless personal area networks. Wireless sensor network devices have the general characteristics of low power capabilities and operation. From this point of view, it makes technical sense to use the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for the MAC layer of wireless sensor networks. There are several modes of operation...
Service discovery in Ubiquitous Sensor Networks has been targeted mostly for services available within certain proximity, but the service availability only in close vicinity is no longer feasible in the pervasive and ubiquitous era. In order to address the ubiquity in service discovery, we have proposed a framework that makes use of the Electronic Number Mapping (ENUM) protocol. Our network architecture...
Packet collision causes packet loss and wastes resources in wireless networks. It becomes even worse in dense WSNs, due to burst-traffic and congestion around sinks. In this paper, we propose a novel protocol to recover collided packets. Our experiments on a testbed reveal that collisions between long packets and short packets cause a partial error pattern on collided packets, which can be used for...
Clustering is a useful mechanism in wireless sensor networks that helps to cope with scalability problems and, if combined with in-network data aggregation, may increase the energy efficiency of the network. At the same time, by assigning a special role to the cluster head nodes, clustering makes the network more vulnerable to attacks. In particular, disabling a cluster head by physical destruction...
In wireless networks, transmissions can generally be overheard by unintended nodes in the vicinity of the sender and receiver, potentially causing interference to their own communications. Much of the related research has considered this as a nuisance and resulted in various proposals for overcoming the interference using scheduling, channel assignment, and many other mechanisms. In recent years,...
Multicast routing protocols typically rely on the a-priori creation of a multicast tree (or mesh), which requires the individual nodes to maintain state information. In sensor networks where traffic is bursty, with long periods of silence between the bursts of data, this multicast state maintenance adds a large amount of overhead for no benefit to the application. Thus, we have developed a stateless...
In routing protocols for wireless sensor networks energy efficiency is of paramount importance. Reliability-oriented protocols discard lossy links to avoid the significant energy cost of packet loss. The downside is that nodes with a particularly favorable channel tend to be overused: their lifespan is curtailed and the total amount of data delivered by the network may be significantly reduced. This...
Despite extensive research on flat ad hoc networks, meeting satisfactory security levels in sensor networks presents many problems. The main reason is that these networks are typically designed based on hierarchal structures. In this paper, we propose an efficient scheme for authentication and key management in hierarchical ad hoc sensor networks using symmetric polynomials. In the proposed method,...
IP-based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSN) are envisioned to play an important role in the realization of pervasive environments. Comprised of hundreds or even thousands of nodes, these networks may never undergo pre-deployment address configuration. The stateless autoconfiguration capability is therefore essential to the spontaneity of such pervasive networks. Recently, several address autoconfiguration...
Numerous routing protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks, each of which is highly optimized for a certain class of traffic, like real time, reliable sense and disseminate, network reprogramming, energy efficiency and so on. However, a typical deployment demands an arbitrary communication pattern that generates multiple traffic types simultaneously. Arguably, no single routing protocol...
This paper proposes AREA-MAC, a medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). AREA-MAC reduces latency and energy consumption of nodes by using low power listening (LPL) with short preamble messages. Other protocols like B-MAC use long preamble messages that cause higher latency, energy consumption, and control overhead on nodes. AREA-MAC provides a reasonable trade-off...
In wireless sensor networks, majority of routing protocols considered energy efficiency as the main objective and assumed data traffic with unconstrained delivery requirements. However, the introduction of image and video sensors demands certain quality of service (QoS) from the routing protocols and underlying networks. Managing real-time data requires both energy efficiency and QoS assurance in...
We present an asynchronous wakeup policy for wireless sensor networks that exploits the available path diversity for maximizing the expected network lifetime. We assume a random traffic generation model such that the rate is constant in time. Each node is assumed to have a set of forwarding neighbors, any of which may be used for forwarding its traffic to the sink. A node having data packet to send,...
Energy-efficient performance is a central challenge in sensor network deployments, and the radio is a major contributor to overall energy node consumption. Current energy- efficient MAC protocols for sensor networks use a fixed low power radio mode for putting the radio to sleep. Fixed low power modes involve an inherent tradeoff: deep sleep modes have low current draw and high energy cost and latency...
Code updates, such as those for debugging purposes, are frequent and expensive in the early development stages of wireless sensor network applications. We propose AdapCode, a reliable data dissemination protocol that uses adaptive network coding to reduce broadcast traffic in the process of code updates. Packets on every node are coded by linear combination and decoded by Gaussian elimination. The...
A new and simple MAC protocol is proposed. Each node transmits a burst with length sampled from a geometric distribution with parameter q followed by a carrier sense slot. A node repeats the previous operations until it senses a busy slot. A node will access the channel and transmit its payload when it has sensed h idle slots. The parameter q can be adjusted for each node to achieve desired levels...
The overlay-based network architecture has been recognized as an effective way to deal with the funneling effect in sensor networks, where sensors closer to the sink are usually responsible for relaying more network traffic. Such funneling effect is particularly harmful when the number of sensors in the network is vast. In an overlay-based sensor network, a special type of resource-rich multi-radio...
Many wireless network standards include quality-of-service (QoS) features at the MAC layer. These features provide nodes transmitting high priority delay sensitive traffic such as voice and video preferential access to the channel over nodes carrying low priority delay tolerant traffic such as file transfer and email. However, such schemes are unfair to low priority users, depriving them of equitable...
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