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Discrete frequency immittance spectroscopy (DFIS) has been shown to be a convenient and accurate technique for obtaining meaningful information about real lead-acid batteries. Although DFIS is related to conventional EIS, it is much easier to perform and yields results in far less time. The excellent agreement between theory and experiment attests to the validity of those results.
Since 1985 zinc-flow-batteries have been used to power electric-vehicles (EVs) in capacities between 5 kWh and 45 kWh at voltages between 48 V and 216 V. About 50000 kms of testing experience, partially in direct comparison with originally assembled lead acid batteries, showed results with zinc-flow battery equipped EVs which were significantly better than was expected. Referring to about the same...
Improvements in performance and reliability continue to be made in the traditional primary and secondary systems such as C-Zn, alkaline MnO/sub 2/, Zn-air, Li-I, and sealed Ni-Cd and lead acid. In addition, two new secondary systems, Ni-metal hydride and lithium ion, have been introduced. They are growing rapidly in response to environmental concerns and the need for more energy density. Two new rechargeable...
Summary form only given. Eagle-Picher Industries (EPI) has adopted a broad-based approach to the electric vehicle (EV) market by the parallel development of multiple battery systems. Nickel-iron (NiFe), nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are being manufactured for a variety of applications, including EVs. Silver-zinc (AgZn) batteries are being produced for both military/aerospace...
With the oil crisis in the early 1970s an intensive development of electric vehicles, i.e. passenger cars, delivery vans, and buses was initiated. Already in an early stage of the demonstration phase it became quite clear that the lead-acid battery, more precisely the battery pack, requires more attention than can be provided by simple meters for current, voltage, and ampere-hours. This led to the...
A test of five lead-acid batteries of four generic types was conducted to determine the effectiveness of an energy storage subsystem model which consists of a lead-acid battery and its associated charge controller used in Sandia's PV power systems simulation code PVFORM. While PVFORM accurately represented an adequately charged battery operating in a system with little excess array energy, considerable...
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