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The purpose of this study is to describe a method for direct visual observation of biofilm formation on membranes used in a forward osmosis flow cell. Until recently biofouling research has focused on biofouling during reverse osmosis, and generally examined biofilms after, not during, operation. Direct observation allows for more sensitive measurements of fouling than flux data and membrane autopsies...
The critical flux was determined by flux-step method in this paper. Under different permeate flows and multiple cycle filtration, the regulation of united membrane fouling index (UMFI) and irreversible fouling UMFI (UMFIir) was studied. Both removal efficiency of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and UMFI accompanying with permeate flow were also discussed. The results showed that gradual fouling still...
Effect of operating conditions on the fouling of immersed ultrafiltration(UF) membrane for the Suzhou Internal River was investigated with a pilot scale study. Results show that fouling could be reduced by both the continuous aeration and intermittent aeration, while the aeration intensity should be selected reasonably. Fouling could be reduced by intermittent filtration only due to the decrease of...
As a major victim of the biochemical warfare in the history, China is confronting the threat of new nuclear, chemical and biological warfare nowadays. Water is the main transmission mode of nuclear, chemical and biological warfare agent. Therefore pure water treatment becomes an important mode of Three Defenses. This paper mainly introduces the characteristics of chemical and biological pollution,...
Disinfection for drinking water ought to be safe both in microbiology and in chemistry. This paper addresses by-products with carcinogenicity-mutagenicity-teratogenicity produced during chlorination disinfection. Types and formation of chlorination disinfection by-products (CDBPs) in drinking water are briefly analyzed. Toxicity and health effect of the CDBPs is reviewed. Measures to control CDBPs...
In this paper, the mechanism of chlorine disinfection, chlorine dioxide disinfection, ozone disinfection, ultraviolet disinfection and membrane process disinfection technology are analyzed in detail. And the production of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of these disinfection technologies are compared. At last, what do the researchers should do on drinking...
To improve the mechanical strength of cellulose acetate (CA) membranes, porous inorganic/organic hybrid membranes were prepared via phase inversion technique from casting solution composed of cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), mesoporous SBA-15 materials, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The effects of PVDF content and modification with SBA-15 on membranes structure,...
In this paper, the effect of coagulation on membrane filtration resistance had been studied in the process of membrane filtration with dosing coagulants, analyzed the contribution of different membrane resistance in the membrane process, in order to find an effective way to control the membrane resistance. By Carman-Kozeny formula analyzed, voidage and deposited particle size of the composite cake...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of powered activated carbon (PAC) addition on algal water treatment by immerged ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, in terms of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) and permeate quality. Experiments were performed with a hollow-fibre polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ultrafiltration membrane at a laboratory scale, based on a time sequence of 120min filtration and 1min backwashing...
The effect of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on the hybrid PAC/UF (PAC applied in combination with the ultrafiltration membrane) system was investigated in this paper. Compared to UF system, in which no PAC was added, the membrane flux was improved from 58.58% to 69.59% in terms of J/J0 value for 200 minutes' filtration. In PAC/UF process, it is the fraction which cannot be adsorbed by PAC takes...
Magnetic cationic hydrogels (MCH) were synthesized and its removal efficiency and mechanisms to humic acid (HA) from the aqueous environment were studied in this paper. MCH synthesized had a low swelling ratio and the strong magnetism, yielding extra potential for recycle and reuse of hydrogels. XRD analysis and dissolution experimental results indicated that γ-Fe2O3 was stably embedded into hydrogels...
Endocrine Disruptors, which is trace but more and more noted in aquatic environment, has a significant effect on people's hormone systems. The estradiol (E2) was a research object, and the effects of solution parameters (concentration, pH, ionic strength and natural organic matter (NOM) ) on the retention of trace E2 by nanofiltration membrane (NF) (BDXN-90 polyamind aromatic compound membrane) filtration...
Since humic acid from water causes considerable serious health-risk factors, powerful methods for the removal of those have received increasing attention over the past decade. In this paper, the available technologies for removal of humic acid from water are briefly reviewed, and the recent advancements are summarized. Fundamentals and main applications of typical methods such as filtration, flocculation...
The treatment of prechloridized water by the coagulation-dissolved air flotation process and the coagulation-sedimentation process was examined, the removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) and trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP) were studied. The results show that the removal rate of THM and THMFP treated with flotation process is 37% and 55% respectively, which is respectively 18% and 21% higher...
A trace analytical method of o-chloropheno, chlorobenzene and ethylbenzene in water had been developed by using salting-out phase separation microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography. A Diamonsil C18 column (5μm, 250×4.6mm i.d.) was used for separation at 30°C with detection wavelength at 220nm; The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol and water (the ratio of volume was 53:47),...
Ultrafiltration technology hold great promise to provide better water quality, especially for stringent requirements and thus the basic characteristics of ultrafiltration membrane was introduced and its advantages and disadvantages were discussed in this paper. Ultrafiltration membrane fouling mechanism, the factors affecting membrane fouling, and membrane pollution control measures were summed up...
A novel polyvinyl chloride hollow fiber was used in a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) as bubbleless gas-permeable membrane of H2 to remove nitrate from contaminated drinking water. The reactor was operated continuously over 103 days, and the results showed that the nitrate flux of 1.38 g/m2d was achieved at the influent nitrate concentration 20 mg NO3--N/L and HRT 75 min with the effluent nitrate...
Study on coagulation-microfiltration combination process for treatment of Luan river water was carried out. The experimental results showed that when the dosage of FeCl3 was 35 mg/L, the removal of turbidity was above 95%, the organic matter was above 50%, and recovery of membrane flux reached 81% for the combination process. On the other hand, among the four coagulants (FeCl3, Polymeric Ferric Sulfate,...
In this paper, the relationship of membrane fouling rates and the operation conditions of Clarification Membrane process had been investigated with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Base on the data of operation conditions experiment, including: filtration flux, backwashing pressure (the ratio of the pressure of backwashing/filtration), backwashing rate (the ratio of backwashing time/filtration...
This study investigated the effectiveness of packed tower to remove trihalomethanes (THMs) from drinking water. The results showed that the removal efficiency of total THMs generally exceeded 90% when temperature was 24??C, water temperature was 25??C, the hydraulic load was 20 m3/(m2??h) or lower, air-to-water ratio was 60 or greater. Among individual THMs species, the dichloromethane could be removed...
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