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Waste cooking oil is a potential alternative of refined vegetable oil for biodiesel production due to its low cost and elimination of its disposal problem. The concentration of free fatty acids (FFAs) in WCO dictates the type of chemical treatment required for biodiesel production: a single esterification reaction is considered at high content of FFAs, whereas, a combination of estrification and transestrification...
With fatty acid as raw material, using the two-step method, first, we use concentrated H2SO4 as a catalyst for esterification of fatty acid and methanol to reduce AV (acid value), and then we added methanol into the peristaltic pump to make its AV drop to below 1 mg KOH /g oil. The best condition of first stage: the temperature is 65±2°C, the catalyst dosage is 1%, the methanol to fatty acid ratio...
This paper proposes a high reaction area (HRA) electrode with finely dispersed electrocatalysts supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for high performance micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC). Ionomer Nafion® loading by spin-coating on the catalysts was in-detail investigated for performance enhancement in anodic half-cell. In terms of electrochemical surface area (ESA) and charge transfer resistance...
Biomass energy is a renewable and potential resource. In order to research the conversion of cornstalk biomass (the agricultural residues) into the fuel methanol and the effective utilization of biomass energy, the low-heat-value cornstalk gas was produced by means of the thermo-chemical method in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as...
This overview paper gives a snapshot of the challenges associated with a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Different materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been synthesised and studied to improve fuel cell performance. The utilization of CNTs properties on Pt catalyst and Nafion membrane promises the state of the art PEMFC. Thermo-mechanical properties and methanol permeability of...
Transesterification of canola oil with methanol was investigated under a heterogeneous catalysts system. Various γ-Al2O3-, hydrotalcite-, SiO2-supported Na, Ca oxides prepared via an impregnation method were applied as solid catalyst. The influence of supports (γ-Al2O3, hydrotalcite, SiO2) structure on the activity and adsorption behavior of Na, Ca-based catalysts for transesterification was comparatively...
In many reactions, the poisonous chemicals can be replaced by eco-friendly dimethyl carbonate(DMC). In this paper, under the effect of eco-friendly catalyst, DMC was synthesized directly from CO2, methanol and propylene oxide, all of which were cheap and innoxious. The effects of prepared conditions of catalyst on the yield of DMC were researched. The results indicated that in order to get higher...
Lipase catalyzed of biodiesel is expensive which restricted industrial enzymatic biodiesel production. In this paper, the industrial lipase made in China was used as catalyst to catalyze the transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. The way of methanol feeding, the amount of lipase, the reaction temperature, the reaction time, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, the organic...
The jatropha curcas methyl ester can be produced through a transesterification reaction by using an alkaline catalyst with an alcohol as the excess reactant. The reaction was carried out in a batch mixed reactor under various operating condition. The kinetics study on the transesterification of jatropha curcas-based triglycerides with methanol was carried out under various temperatures (323, 328,...
Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel derived from vegetable oil, animal fat, or waste vegetable oil (WVO), is obtained in this work by reacting waste vegetable soybean oil using oil shale ash as a heterogeneous catalyst in addition to two alcohols ethylene glycol and ethanol. Results have indicated that high biodiesel yield is obtained when using ethylene glycol at high temperature, while the yield...
We demonstrate a planar direct methanol fuel cell by integrating a 200 mum-wide Nafion strip in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structure. The design is based on two 200 mum-wide parallel microfluidic channels, sandwiching the Nafion strip. We mechanically clamp the PDMS/ Nafion assembly with a catalyst-covered glass chip and use 1 M CH3OH/ 0.5 M H2SO4 as fuel in the anodic channel and O2-saturated...
Summary form only given: With the rapid depletion of liquid oil, the urgency of finding a new alternative energy is raising. The most visible way could be the utilization some energy resources which currently never or rarely used before, such as methane or natural gas. As handling liquid matter is preferable and safe, it is necessary to convert gas reactants into liquid products. One candidate of...
We present a MEMS nanoreactor that for the first time enables transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of nanomaterials at the atomic scale during exposure to reactive gases at ambient pressure. This pressure exceeds that of existing in-situ TEM systems by a factor of one hundred. The reactor integrates a shallow flow channel (35 mum high) with a microheater and an array of robust electron-transparent...
A direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with a novel double-layer structured membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was developed and a better performance was obtained. The double catalytic layer anode is composed of a hydrophilic inner catalyst layer with PtRu black and an outer catalyst layer with PtRu/C. In the double-layer structured anode, there existed a catalyst concentration gradient and porosity gradient,...
A silent discharge reactor (SDR) or a surface discharge reactor (SFR) was combined with catalysts such as MnO2, TiO2-SiO2 gel, etc. to investigate the synergistic effect of nonthermal plasma (NTP) and catalysts in the decomposition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as toluene (PhCH3), dichloromethane and methanol. In the decomposition of PhCH3 with MnO2 pellets, the increases of PhCH3 conversion...
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