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The brain is the organ that orchestrates the whole body. To do so, neurons and glia in different brain regions have evolved to be highly specialized and are regulated by diverse receptors and neuro‐ and gliotransmitters. Some of the features of the brain, including a protective brain–blood barrier, high‐energy demand, and electrical activity, mean that neurons and astrocytes are uniquely diverse components...
Glial pathology and energy metabolism changes in the brain precede symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple other neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes govern and regulate a large part of the energy metabolism in the brain. Prolonged impairment of astrocytic functions could increase the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). In this model, 40‑50% of dopaminergic...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by cognitive decline involving loss of memory, reasoning and linguistic ability. The amyloid cascade hypothesis holds that mismetabolism and aggregation of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which are deposited as amyloid plaques, are the central etiological events in AD. Recent evidence from...
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