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Tree is a widely used topology for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). As Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) eliminates collisions, it is a preferred channel access mechanism. Often multiple sinks are deployed in WSNs. Use of multiple sinks provides fault tolerance and load balancing. In tree based networks, every sink becomes root of exactly one tree. When node deployment is not uniform across the...
Data collection is very basic application of Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensor nodes are deployed in region to be observed. They sense quantity of interest. It may be temperature, pressure, humidity, solar radiation and so on. The sensed readings are transferred to a central node known as sink or base station. Often networks are heterogeneous in nature i.e. more than one types of sensors are deployed...
Data collection is an important operation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors are deployed in given region of interest. They sense physical phenomenon and transfer data to a central node known as Sink. Tree is a widely used routing topology and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a widely used Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. Sink is at the root of the tree. Often nodes in a tree aggregate...
The clustering algorithms designed for traditional sensor networks have been adapted for energy harvesting sensor networks (EHWSN). However, in these algorithms, the intra-cluster MAC protocols to be used were either not defined at all or they were TDMA based. These TDMA based MAC protocols are not specified except for the fact that cluster heads assign time slots to their members in a random manner...
Data collection is the most basic application of sensor networks. Sensors are deployed in a given region of interest. They sense some physical phenomenon and store the readings. All the sensors send stored data to sink. Sink is a central node which may be connected to the Internet. Sensor nodes may use either CSMA/CA or TDMA at the MAC layer. TDMA prevents collisions. Packets need not be retransmitted...
Wireless sensor networks have unique characteristics and restricted energy efficiency performance requirements that dictate special medium access control (MAC) protocols. In this work we show that design of any MAC should mainly consider the proximal nodes near the sink since they carry the most traffic while being the most crucial for survival of the network. We provide a comprehensive analysis of...
Wireless HART is a state-of-the-art solution for a time-division multiple-access (TDMA) based wireless private area network. It combines slow frequency-hopping and a TDMA scheme that utilizes a centralized a-priori slot allocation mechanism. In this paper we conduct a performance evaluation of the Wireless HART TDMA protocol and provide insights into the major factors impacting energy consumption...
MAC protocol is of vital importance to the reliable communication of WSN for it schedules the limited wireless resources among sensor nodes. In this paper, focused on the intelligent transportation sensor network application requiring real-time transmission of a large amount of data, a MAC scheduling algorithm based on hybrid TDMA/FDMA scheme is proposed. The scheduling algorithm takes advantage of...
We consider a wireless sensor network in which a routing tree has been established to transmit the information from a set of source nodes to a data sink. The existing algorithms to schedule the transmission slots in a way that allows the data to be compressed as it moves towards the data sink are centralized or rely on interference models that fail occasionally. We propose a distributed TDMA scheduling...
Recent studies have highlighted that IEEE 802.15.4 based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) suffer from a severe unreliability problem due to the default MAC parameters setting suggested by the standard, although with a more appropriate choice it is possible to achieve the desired reliability and better energy efficiency. However, such setting is strictly related to the operating conditions which, in...
Fast and periodic collection of aggregated data is of considerable interest for mission-critical and continuous monitoring applications in sensor networks. In the many-to-one communication paradigm known as convergecast, we consider scenarios where data packets are aggregated at each hop en route to a sink node along a tree-based routing topology and focus on maximizing the data collection rate at...
This paper proposes a media access control (MAC) layer protocol scheme that is suitable for characteristics of sensor networks (SNs). Among important attributes of SNs are limitation on power consumption, high density of nodes and topology changes. Based on time-division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA), we offer Multi channel sensor network MAC (MCSMAC) as a novel...
TDMA-based MAC protocols are considered an energy efficient solution to prolong wireless sensor network lifetime. The topology learning and collection process, together with the used scheduling scheme, are essential parts in the design of such MAC protocols. Previous MAC and multihop scheduling protocols rely completely on CSMA to exchange topology scheduling information. However, for large or dense...
TDMA has been proposed as a MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to its efficiency in high WSN load. However, TDMA is plagued with shortcomings; we present modifications to TDMA that will allow for the same efficiency of TDMA, while allowing the network to conserve energy during times of low load (when there is no activity being detected). Recognizing that aggregation plays an essential...
Unidirectional links are a common property of all wireless networks. In many cases, the range of these links exceeds that of bidirectional links by far. Still, most protocols ignore their existence or simply discard them. In this paper we introduce two new medium access control (MAC) protocols called MLMAC-UL and ECTS-MAC that are able to transmit data over unidirectional links and receive acknowledgment...
In this paper, we present the results of performance evaluation of our energy-efficient data transmission reduction method in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In our method, each node in a WSN autonomously determines whether its own reading is redundant or not by using the overheard packets transmitted by its neighbors. The redundancy of a reading is evaluated by a simple spatial interpolation using...
Employing multi-input multi-output (MIMO) links can improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Although a sensor node is likely to be equipped with only one antenna, it is possible to group several sensors to form a virtual MIMO link. Such grouping can be formed by means of clustering. In this paper, we propose a distributed MIMO-adaptive energy-efficient clustering/routing scheme,...
Several recent publications have sought to adopt a system-of-systems approach to view the ballistic missile defense system as a large-scale, wireless network. This approach implicitly relies on an effective medium access scheme that can accommodate the large propagation delays encountered in a satellite network. While existing satellite networks typically employ a form of time division multiple access,...
This paper proposes LeSS-TDMA, a novel approach for scheduling TDMA activity in a sensor network, where nodes create their own schedules by learning from previous activity. The protocol uses routing information to establish a schedule appropriate for periodical data gathering, which is the main traffic type in sensor networks. The schedule is determined by examining patterns that arise from data being...
Many types of sensor data exhibit strong correlation in both space and time. Both temporal and spatial suppression provides opportunities for reducing the energy cost of sensor data collection. Unfortunately, existing clustering algorithms are difficult to utilize the spatial or temporal opportunities, because they just organize clusters based on the distribution of sensor nodes or the network topology...
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