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The human foot serves three main functions; adapts to contours of ground, absorbs shock impacts and stores and releases energy. Despite significant development of humanoid robots the foot has seen little research and as a result most bipeds do not walk in a humanlike manner. In this work a study of the human foot is conducted to determine how each of these is achieved. The paper then describes the...
This paper addresses the problem of compactly encoding a continuous family of trajectories corresponding to a robotic skill, and using this representation for the purpose of constrained trajectory generation in an environment with many (possibly dynamic) obstacles. With a skill manifold that is learnt from data, we show that constraints can be naturally handled within an iterative process of minimizing...
In order to exert large force on an environment, it is effective to apply impulsive force. We describe the motions that perform tasks by applying impulsive force as “impact motion.” The objective of an impact motion is to exert large force on an environment, however if the impulsive force is too large, the robot may fall down due to the reaction force. This paper presents an optimization scheme to...
A method for implementing the ankle and hip balance control strategies, well known from studies on human balance control, is suggested. The moment of the acting disturbance force is evaluated continuously in real time via the difference between the ZMP and the ground projection of the center of mass. Compliant response to the continuous disturbance is ensured by attaching a virtual spring-damper in...
This paper presents a haptic sensor foot system for humanoid robot and an active tactile sensing technique to balance the humanoid robot with two legs for human and robot interaction task. The proposed sensors are implemented on two robotic foots. The sensor unit contains three thin sheets of force sensitive resistors. Those elements are arranged triangularly on the back of each foot. The research...
This paper presents a tactile sensor foot system for humanoid robot and an active tactile sensing technique to recognize a ground slope with experimental results. A tactile sensor unit implemented on the robot foot consists of three thin sheets of force sensitive resistors arranged triangularly with the peripheral circuits. The proposed tactile sensing foot can detect the ground slope for natural...
This paper suggests the new approach for reducing energy consumption during the walking cycle of the biped robot. After the stable walking trajectory is manually designed, the trajectory can be modified to reduce the energy consumption and increase walking stability based on the measured angular velocities of the robot during the walk combined with the dexterity information from the manipulability...
As a recent trend in humanoid robot research, running motion appears to be a very important issue since faster and faster mobility is required. Being an essential fact, jumping phenomenon seems to be the previous step of succeeding running motion as jumping dynamics play the key role to achieve stable running motion cycles. Therefore, in this paper, authors group sought a method to generate real-time...
This paper proposes a new method of trajectory planning for biped robots walking on flat terrain. In this approach, the hip and foot trajectories are designed in Cartesian space using polynomial interpolation. The key parameters which define the hip and foot trajectories are searched by genetic algorithm. The objective is to obtain stable walking trajectory with minimized joint-torques requirement...
One of basic characteristics of regular bipedal walk of humanoid robots is the maintenance of their dynamic balance during the walk, whereby a decisive role is played by the unpowered degrees of freedom arising at the foot-ground contact. Hence, the role of Zero-Moment Point (ZMP) as an indicator of dynamic balance is indispensable. The paper gives a very detailed discussion of some basic theoretical...
This paper introduces a vertical ladder climbing of the humanoid robot only by the posture control without any external sensors. The humanoid robot does not have any special structure for fixing the body to the ladder. The robot maintains the body on the ladder by its grippers like human does. As a problem of this locomotion, a free gripper position of the climbing robot is not controllable because...
Since a biped robot tends to tip over easily due to impacts, rough terrain or obstacle object, stable and reliable biped walking is a very important achievement. Well designed foot plays a crucial role in stabilization control for a humanoid robot. In this paper, we present a flexible foot design for our humanoid robot, including a landing impact absorption mechanism and a foot attitude estimation...
In this paper, a control strategy is proposed for gait generation for a two-legged humanoid robot. The two-legged robot is assumed as a 3-dimensional robot with 5-links. Gait generation is performed by assuming motions in the saggital and lateral planes. Dynamic model of the robot is obtained by using MATLABreg/SimMechanics Toolbox. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is established for gait generation...
In this paper, we present a new method that uses random search for online planning of biped walking, given a feasible footstep plan. The Linear Inverted Pendulum dynamic model and the Zero Moment Point concept are employed to solve the walking problem. We consider walk planning as the choice of a sequence of ZMPs leading to a stable walk that satisfies all the dynamic and mechanical constraints of...
This paper addresses the problem of generating dynamic motion for a humanoid between two predefined postures. The humanoid robot starts its motion from a statically stable configuration to another known statically stable configuration when it is necessary to make step; that is, the center of mass (COM) is inside the support polygon at the initial and the goal configurations. A dynamic motion generation...
A non-time reference gait planning method is proposed. The usual reference variable, time, is substituted by a non-time variable in gait, so the whole gait-planning phase can be divided into two phases, (1) planning the space walking path: Taking the forward locomotion of upper-body as reference variable, considering the constraint of the environment, the walking path of a robot without collision...
This paper proposes a new method of trajectory planning for biped robots walking on level ground. In this approach, the hip and foot trajectories are designed in Cartesian space using polynomial interpolation. The key parameters which define the trajectories are searched by genetic algorithm. The objective is to obtain the best trajectory that has large stability margin and low energy consumption...
In this paper, the authors propose a novel toe joint mechanism using a parallel four-bar linkage. This mechanism enables a humanoid robot to contact with the floor at points of a multilink, namely the toe pad and toe tips, similar to human motion. Using this toe mechanism, a major part of the reaction force acts on the non-movable portion of a link rather than on the toe tip. Because of this, it is...
We present a method to optimize the walking pattern of a humanoid robot for forward speed using suitable metaheuristics. Our starting point is a hand-tuned open-loop gait that we enhance with two feedback control mechanisms. First, we employ a P-controller that regulates the foot angle in order to reduce angular velocity of the robot's body. Second, we introduce a phase resetting mechanism that starts...
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