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Deregulated production of cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF plays an important role in chronic inflammation. Relevant to this condition, direct cellular contact with stimulated T cells is a potent inducer of cytokine production in human monocytes/macrophages. We previously demonstrated that PI3Ks regulate differential production of IL-1β and its specific inhibitor secreted IL-1 receptor antagonist...
Recently, adenosine has been proposed to be a “metabolic” switch that may sense and direct immune and inflammatory responses. Inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production are important in development of HIV-1 associated dementia, a devastating consequence of HIV-1 infection of the CNS. The HIV-1 protein Tat induces cell death in the CNS and activates local inflammatory responses partially...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an indispensable role in controlling the growth of pathogens. Recent evidence also suggests that they can function as second messengers and modulators of the immune system. The identification of many redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways that are necessary for initiating the innate proinflammatory immune response suggests that modulation of these oxidation-reduction...
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