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This chapter investigates why and how malaria developed under the special environmental conditions in the South Asian tropical island of Sri Lanka in the 1970s. This decade is significant because the reemergence of the disease became an established reality by then, enough to trigger a serious investigation of it by the national government. The purpose of this ecological analysis is to help develop...
There has been a dramatic change in the opiate abuse problem in the United States during the last decade. Opiate pharmaceuticals have replaced heroin as the dominant drugs of abuse, and the number of users has quadrupled. In both 2005 and 2006, pain relievers replaced marijuana as the most common new drug of abuse among first-time users aged 12 and older. The number of individuals meeting criteria...
In spite of their rarity, thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) present unique challenges. From a cellular perspective, TAAAs are associated with apoptosis of smooth muscle cells along with derangements in the molecular structure of elastin, collagen, and fibrillin. The risk of rupture increases with aortic diameter, with a dramatic increase at diameters >7.2 cm. Data from tertiary centers...
Epidemiologic investigations focus on the description of the incidence and prevalence of health outcomes, and the identification of risk factors for health outcomes. In this chapter, we review the historical and current evidence on the epidemiology of alcohol and drug consumption and clinical diagnoses of abuse and dependence. Moderate alcohol consumption is prevalent, socially normative in Western...
Prevalence estimates from population‐based studies suggest that 1–3% of Caucasians residing in Western populations have Barrett's esophagus (BE), although many remain undiagnosed. BE does not appear to be a major public health issue in other racial groups or geographic regions, amongst whom prevalence is very low, and most cases are short‐segment BE. The diagnosis of BE has certainly increased in...
The older adult population has a higher incidence and prevalence of epilepsy than any other age group. Despite the relatively common occurrence of chronic seizures in older adults, epilepsyis often misdiagnosed and left untreated in a large proportion of patients. This chapter reviews, the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of seizures and epilepsy in the older adult.
There is enormous interest in identifying causes of child psychopathology but considerable difficulty in knowing which risks are genuinely causal and in showing how they work. Why is it such a problem and how might we go about testing causal hypotheses? In this chapter we first discuss the threats that clinicians and researchers face in making causal inferences from traditional observational designs,...
Principles of hazard based safety engineering involve the study of the sources and mechanisms of injury in order to best protect against it. This approach is used to support risk assessment, with various stages to identify, analyze and evaluate risk, and to reduce risk as needed.
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