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The emergent markets in Brazil, Russia, India and China, popularly referred to by the acronym BRIC, now are responsible for a growing portion of profits for global companies. Working against this prize is a formidable maze of culture, laws, and overlapping regulations, causing confusion surrounding the regulatory requirements. For those entering the BRIC marketplace with electrical and electronic...
Many toys manufacturers developed the new products in order to survive in the serious market competition. They relied on the current toys product safety assessment model. In the current toy product safety testing, the third party testing laboratories just followed the mandatory safety regulations and standards to test the products. Some newly developed feature or function of the products were not...
Isaac Asimov wrote a series of science fiction stories regarding failure analysis of complex systems: his fictional positronic brained robots. The stories revolved around his “Three Laws of Robotics”. One, a robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction allow a human being to come to harm. Two, a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict...
This paper responds to continued questions regarding the measurement of non-sinusoidal touch current with ‘spikes’ as introduced by Switched Mode Power Supplies and their performance modifiers - PFC correction circuits and Energy Efficiency control circuits. The history is given to provide the proper background, The IEC electric shock level requirements are reviewed especially pointing out the factor...
Thermal energy transfer is responsible for many different types of injuries, most of which are called burns. Common to all of these injuries is the basic injury model: all injuries require a hazardous energy source, a means of transferring the energy to the body, and susceptibility of the body to the amount of energy transferred to it. This paper develops and discusses a basic model of how certain...
The IEC 61010-1 3rd Edition standard for measurement and control equipment for laboratory use stipulates that a 500VA dielectric withstand tester must be used to test product insulation as part of testing for electrical hazards. This requirement harks back to a time when most withstand tester outputs were unregulated and could cause problems with load regulation. Advancements in withstand tester technology...
Principles of hazard based safety engineering involve the study of the sources and mechanisms of injury in order to best protect against it. This approach is used to support risk assessment, with various stages to identify, analyze and evaluate risk, and to reduce risk as needed.
A method is proposed for monitoring sealed battery condition, especially gas formation between electrode layers by detecting the vibrational characteristics on audio frequency range or low ultrasonic frequency range, measured using an actuator and one or more vibration sensors. The method can use driving point response, transmission response, or both to determine the battery status. Experimental results...
Residential Photovoltaic (PV) panels are typically roof-top mounted and their accompanying DC/AC inverters are either collocated or installed inside the building. The PV panels and associated DC/AC inverter metal enclosures must be interconnected and grounded to a grounding-electrode according to NEC690.41-64. A small potential difference exists between the enclosure and its interconnection to the...
This paper presents the various test methods developed and employed to grade the effectiveness of EMI gaskets in sealing the seams of EMI shielded boxes and enclosures. The test methods presented and evaluated are: 1) Shielding Effectiveness Testing a. MIL-STD-285 b. MIL-STD-285 as re-defined by the EMC design engineering community c. SAE, ARP-1173 prepared by the EMC design engineering community...
Equipotentiality is one means of preventing electric shock. Grounding is a specific kind of equipotentiality. For most power distribution systems, the resistance of the grounding circuit in an electrical product is critical to establishing equipotentiality. This paper explains equipotentiality and how it provides protection against electric shock. This paper also describes the grounding circuit for...
This paper briefly reviews the way current IT and consumer electronics safety standards treat the risk of electrically caused fire is purely proportional to power. That implies it is symmetrical in regards to available voltage and current. It then proposes a simple general model to divide electrical failure modes that may be fire risks into two distinct types series and parallel resistive faults....
In recent years, many suppliers of telecom equipment have reported higher than expected rates of lightning damage to Ethernet and POTS ports connected to cables located entirely within the same building.
Many electronic products commonly found in the household are not considered children's products and are not regulated as such. However, these products may still be accessible to children, and in some cases, they may have designs that make them appealing to young children. Toddlers and young children will pick up and play with devices ranging from remote controls to cell phones. Although regulations...
In this paper we present a quantitative, three-dimensional method to analyze solder characteristics and defect voids using X-ray Computed Tomography (CT). We also present a range of case studies where this methodology has enabled a more precise and time-efficient quality assurance process for printed circuit board suppliers, manufacturers and designers. This methodology also allows a comprehensive,...
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